Powell Genealogy

Synopsis: Descendants of James Powell of Southwark, Co Surrey, England, and thence to South Australia & beyond

A Powell family of Lambeth, Co Surrey & South Australia

This work charts the descendants of James Powell, probably born in the 1750s. James first appears in 1783 in Westminster, London, where he married Penelope Dyer, from Shoreditch, London. James spent the next few years living in London before moving south of the Thames and settling in Horsleydown which lay on the southern bank of the Thames in what, today, is Southwark, London. James' three known surviving sons (he had no known daughters) remained in the Lambeth-Southwark district. The oldest of the three emigrated to Australia in 1852, settling first on the Ballarat goldfields in Victoria and then moving to Melbourne. The middle son died childless. The third surviving son, George, who appears to have remained in the Southwark-Lambeth district his whole life, had two known sons, both of whom emigrated to Australia in the late 1850s, one settling in Victoria and the other in South Australia. Whilst my own descent is via the branch that settled in South Australia, I have charted below all known descendants of James, both in England and also in Australia (and beyond).

Reproduction for the purpose of financial gain is prohibited. Redistribution of this material, in part or in its entirety, to a genealogical website/service which resells or charges for access is strictly prohibited - the material on this page is intended to be available free of charge and with unrestricted access. The data contained herein is for the most part either public domain or copyright of various statutory authorities, unless specified otherwise in the sources, and cannot be copyrighted by a third party. I make no claim regarding the accuracy of this chart; the original sources are not free from error and transcriptions may contain errors. Printing instructions: This document contains formatting which is incompatible with printing. To print use a text editor (eg: notepad) to remove all occurrences of "<fieldset>" and "</fieldset>" & then print, or email for a printable pdf. Last revision: 2nd October, 2011. Layout & charts (c) David Powell, email (roots-boots@hotmail.com), http://roots-boots.net/ft/names.html.

James's birth & parentage is unknown and likely impossible to verify. The marriage record gives no information on his parents and the only hint to his birth is his possible death in 1816 at age 67, implying a DOB of 1749. Beta familysearch has 20 James Powell's listed born between 1748-1750, 4 of whom were born in London. It is not even certain the 1816 death was the husband of Penelope, however note the burial was in the same parish as his wife was buried 14 years later.

1. James Powell,[29,97,98,99,100] probably born between 1750-1760. {From DOM & DOBs of children} Died 1816, New Street {now Newburn Street}, Lambeth, Co Surrey & buried 7/1/1816 (67yo), St Mary's, Lambeth, Co Surrey, England.[102] {Note James' wife died in the same parish in 1830 & his son, Robert, owned property at No.77 New Street in 1837} Cordwainer, 1783.[98] Shoemaker, 1786.[13] Gentleman, 1789, 1791.[97,99] Customs House Officer, 1793.[100] Married Penelope[97,98,99,100] Dyer,[29] 26/1/1783, St George Hanover Square, Westminster, London, England.[101] Penelope, d/o Henry & Penelope Dyer, born 8/6/1754, Constable Alley, Shoreditch, baptised 16/6/1754, St Leonards, Shoreditch, London, England,[103] died 1830 & buried 19/9/1830, St Mary's, Lambeth, Co Surrey, England (78yo).[104] Resided 1783, St Giles, Cripplegate, London, England.[98] Resided 1786, Parson's Street, St George in the East, Co Middlesex, London, England.[13] Resided 1789, Butler's Buildings, Bermondsey, Southwark, Co Surrey, England.[99] Resided 1791, 1793, Horsleydown, Southwark,[12,97,100] Co Surrey, England.[4] Resided 1816, New Street {now Newburn}, Lambeth, Co Surrey.[102]

Children of James Powell & Penelope Dyer:

	i.	George Powell, born 14/12/1783 & baptised 25/12/1783, St Giles, Cripplegate, London, England.[98] Died before 1793.
	ii.	James Powell, born 21/1/1786 & baptised 25/1/1786, St George in the East, Co Middlesex, London, England.[13] Died before 1789.
*	iii.	James Powell,[108] born 14/3/1789,[99,124,125] Horsleydown, Southwark, Co Surrey, England,[124,125] & baptised 12/4/1789, St Mary Magdalen, Bermondsey, Southwark, Co Surrey, England.[99]
	iv.	Robert Neptune Powell,[76] born 9/9/1791,[4,12,69,70,97] Horsleydown, Southwark,[12,97] Co Surrey, England,[4] & baptised 2/10/1791, St John's, Horsleydown, Southwark, Co Surrey, England.[97] Died June quarter, 1851, Lambeth, Co Surrey, England.[68] Cowkeeper, 1841,1851.[4,12] On 7/2/1837 Robert, self-described as a gentleman, had his residence insured with "Sun Fire" as well as property at 77 New Street (off Princes Road), Lambeth, Co Surrey.[76] {Note that this was close to if not the actual residence of his brother, George. The claim to have been a 'gentleman' did not imply nobility but merely that he was relatively well off. A 'cowkeeper' was the owner of a dairy. Most likely Robert had a dairy farm as well as a shop in London to sell his produce. New Street is today known as Newburn Street} On 9/3/1839 Robert Neptune Powell was appointed the assignee by the Court for Relief of Insolvent Debtors for John Thomas Auberry Drummond, of High street, Vauxhall, Cowkeeper, an insolvent.[79] Married Ann Glannister, 15/6/1823, St Mary, Lambeth, Co Surrey, England.[3] Both single & at the time residing in the parish.[3] Marriage by banns by the rites of the Church of England, performed by Rev. Arthur Gibson, curate.[3] Witnesses Elizabeth Corbett & James (?) Songman Gawler.[3] Robert was literate, Ann was illiterate (signed with a mark).[3] Ann, a pinner,[12] born 1782[12,70]/1786,[4,69] London, Co Middlesex, England.[12] In 1851 Ann was listed as Blind.[12] Resided 1837, No.100 Tyers Street, Vauxhall, Lambeth, Co Surrey, England.[76] Resided 1841, Tyers Street, Lambeth, Co Surrey, England.[4,69] {Tyers St remains by that name today and runs from Kennington to South Lambeth} Living with them were Emma Monk (14yo, farm servant), Walter Lewis (68yo independent retiree) and Henry Lewis (33yo, trade unreadable, looks like cowdriver), none of the boarders were born in Co Surrey.[4] Resided 1851, No.101 Barrett Street, Lambeth, Co Surrey, England.[12] {Renamed as the northern end of Vauxhall Street, South Lambeth, running parallel & adjacent to Tyers St} Also living at the same address, but listed as a separate household, was William & Martha Smith & their son William Smith.[12] No known issue (note that Ann was about 40yo when she married).
*	v.	George Powell,[1,2,67] born 10/3/1793, baptised 28/4/1793, St John's, Horsleydown, Southwark, Co Surrey, England.[100]

St George Hanover Square, 1787
Engraving - Thomas Malton (British Library)

St Giles, Cripplegate, London, 1830
Painting - St Giles Cripplegate

St George-in-the-East, East End, London
Photograph - In Their Shoes

St George Hanover Square was a civil parish in the metropolitan area of London, England. It was created in 1724 from part of the ancient parish of St Martin in the Fields, and was within the Liberty of Westminster. It included within its boundaries the grounds of Buckingham Palace, although the palace itself was in St Martin in the Fields. In 1889 the parish became part of the County of London and in 1900 it became part of the Metropolitan Borough of Westminster. It was abolished as a civil parish in 1922.[Wikipedia] St George's, Hanover Square, is an Anglican church in central London, built in the early 18th century. The church was designed by John James and was constructed under a project to build fifty new churches around London (the Queen Anne Churches). It is situated on Hanover Square, near Oxford Circus, in what is now the City of Westminster. Due to its Mayfair location, it has been a frequent venue of high society wedding, including those of Lady Hamilton in 1791, PB Shelley in 1814, Disraeli in 1839.[Wikipedia] St Giles-without-Cripplegate is a Church of England church in the City of London, located within the modern Barbican complex. When built it stood without (that is, outside) the city wall, near the Cripplegate. The church is dedicated to St Giles, patron saint of beggars and cripples. It is one of the few medieval churches left in the City of London, having survived the Great Fire of 1666. There was a Saxon church on the site in the 11th century but by 1090 it had been replaced by a Norman one. In 1394 it was rebuilt in the perpendicular gothic style. The church has been badly damaged by fire on three occasions: In 1545, in 1897 and during an air raid of the Blitz of the Second World War in 1940. The word "Cripplegate" has nothing to do with cripples, coming from the Anglo-Saxon "cruplegate" which means a covered way or tunnel which ran from the town gate of Cripplegate to the Barbican, a fortified watchtower on the City wall.[Wikipedia, StGiles]

Customs House, London, 1700s
Engraving - John Maurer

View of London from east, 1751
Painting - Thomas Bowles

St Mary Magdalen, Bermondsey, 1809
Engraving - Bermondsey History

'Bermondsey' is derived from "Beornmund", an Old English personal name, with "-ey" from the Old English for island, piece of firm land in a fen, or simply a place by a stream or river. Bermondsey is referred to in a letter by Pope Constantine (708-715), in which he grants privileges to a monastery at Vermundesei. After the Great Fire of London, it was settled by the well-to-do and took on the character of a garden suburb. Though not many buildings survive from this era, one notable exception is the church of St Mary Magdalen on Bermondsey Street, completed in 1690. In the 18th century, the discovery of a spring in the area led to Bermondsey becoming a spa leisure resort, as the area between Grange and Jamaica Roads called Spa Road commemorates. A new church was built for the growing population of the area, and named St John Horsleydown. By the mid-19th century parts of Bermondsey, especially along the riverside had become a notorious slum - with the arrival of industrial plants, docks and immigrant housing. The area around St Saviour's Dock, known as Jacob's Island, was one of the worst in London. It was immortalised by Charles Dickens's novel Oliver Twist: "...crazy wooden galleries common to the backs of half a dozen houses, with holes from which to look upon the slime beneath; windows, broken and patched, with poles thrust out, on which to dry the linen that is never there; rooms so small, so filthy, so confined, that the air would seem to be too tainted even for the dirt and squalor which they shelter; wooden chambers thrusting themselves out above the mud and threatening to fall into it - as some have done; dirt-besmeared walls and decaying foundations, every repulsive lineament of poverty, every loathsome indication of filth, rot, and garbage: all these ornament the banks of Jacob's Island." The area was extensively redeveloped during the 19th century and early 20th century with the expansion of the river trade and the arrival of the railways. The industrial boom of the 19th century was an extension of Bermondsey's manufacturing role in earlier eras and industries that were deemed too noisome to be carried on within the narrow confines of the City of London had been located here. Many buildings from this era survive.[Wikipedia] St Mary Magdalen Bermondsey is an Anglican church dedicated to St Mary Magdalen in Bermondsey in the London Borough of Southwark. The present building dates to the late 17th century. The parish includes the former parishes of St Olave Tooley Street, St Luke Grange Road and St John Horsleydown. A church of this dedication is first recorded on this site in 1290, serving lay workers at Bermondsey Abbey. In 1680 the church was demolished and rebuilt, retaining the late mediæval tower with a gothic window and arches. A north gallery was added in 1705 and a south gallery in 1794. Restorations were carried out in 1829 and 1883, each leaving a mark on the building. Surviving the Blitz, the church was damaged by fire in 1971.[Wikipedia]

St John Horsleydown
Engraving - John Buckler (1770-1851)

Thomas St, Horsleydown, 1885
Drawing - Emslie [Southwark Local Studies Library]

Freemans Lane, Horsleydown, 1800s
Drawing - Bermondsey Yesterday and Today

Southwark St John Horsleydown was a small parish on the south bank of the River Thames in London, opposite the Tower of London. The name Horsleydown, apparently derived from the "horse lie-down" next to the river, is no longer used. The parish was created by splitting St Olave's parish in 1733. In 1855 it was grouped into the St Olave District and in 1904 Southwark it was absorbed into the Bermondsey parish. Since 1965 it has formed part of the London Borough of Southwark. In 1801 the parish had a population of 8,892, slowly rising to a peak of 11,393 in 1871 before dropping to 7,769 in 1901, shortly before the parish was abolished.[Wikipedia] Horselydown, or, as it was formerly called, Horsey Down, so called from its having been used by the inhabitants as a grazing-field for their horses and cattle. In 1854 Mr. G. Corner, wrote: "It is difficult to imagine that a neighbourhood now so crowded with wharves and warehouses, granaries and factories, mills, breweries, and places of business of all kinds, and where the busy hum of men at work like bees in a hive is incessant, can have been, not many centuries since, a region of fields and meadows, pastures for sheep and cattle, with pleasant houses and gardens, shady lanes where lovers might wander (not unseen), clear streams with stately swans, and cool walks by the river-side. Yet such was the case; and the way from London Bridge to Horselydown was occupied by the mansions of men of mark and consequence, dignitaries of the Church, men of military renown, and wealthy citizens. First, in St. Olave's Street, opposite to the church, was the London residence of the Priors of Lewes. Adjoining to the church, on the east side, where Chamberlain's wharf now stands, was the house of the Priors of St. Augustine at Canterbury; next to which was the Bridge House; and a little further eastward was the house of the Abbots of Battle, in Sussex, with pleasant gardens and a clear stream (now a black and fœtid sewer), flowing down Mill Lane, and turning the abbot's mill at Battle Bridge Stairs. On this stream were swans, and it flowed under a bridge (over which the road was continued to Bermondsey and Horselydown), from the Manor of the Maze. The site is now known by the not very pleasant name of Maze Pond. From the corner of Bermondsey Street to Horselydown was formerly called Horselydown Lane; and here, on the west side of Stoney Lane, which was once a Roman road leading to the trajectus, or ferry over the river to the Tower, was the mansion of Sir John Fastolf, who fought at Agincourt, and was Governor of Normandy. Further eastward on the bank of the river was the Liberty of St. John. The Prior of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem held in the reign of Edward I. three water-mills, three acres of land, one acre of meadow, and twenty acres of pasture, at Horsedowne (sic) in Southwark. Messrs. Courage's brewery stands on the site of the mill and manor-house; and in a lease from Sir William Abdy to Mr. Donaldson, dated in 1803, there was an exception of the hall of the mill-house, court-house, or manorhouse, to hold a Court once or oftener in every year. Horselydown was a large field anciently used by the neighbouring inhabitants for pasturing their horses and cattle, and was called Horsedown or Horseydown. It was part of the possessions of the Abbey of Bermondsey, and is within the lordship of the manor of Southwark, surrendered to King Henry VIII. with the other possessions of the abbey in 1537. This manor is now called the Great Liberty Manor, and is one of the three manors of Southwark belonging to the Corporation of London. Horseydown was probably the common of the Great Liberty Manor."[BritishHistory] St John Horsleydown was the Anglican parish church of Horsleydown in Bermondsey, London. Now the site of one of the centres of the London City Mission. It stands on the plinth of a baroque church which was severely damaged in the Second World War and later demolished. The original church was built between 1727-1733 in Fair Street by Nicholas Hawksmoor & John James. The steeple was an experiment in fusing the gothic tradition of the spire with the classical style in fashion at the time. The result - not entirely successful - was a tower with a giant Corinthian column in place of a spire. Parts of the church remained in use after it was severely damaged by a bomb on 20/9/1940 during the Blitz. In 1952 only the west, north and east walls were standing. In 1947 the parish was merged with neighbouring St Olave's, (the church there having been demolished) so that the parish and church became known as Southwark, St Olave and St John. In 1956 there was a further amalgamation with the parish of St Magdalen Bermondsey, with the church becoming a chapel of ease in the new parish of Bermondsey St Mary Magdalen with St Olave and St John. In 1964 a further amalgamation of parishes saw St Olave and St John's included in the parish of St Mary Magdalen with St Olave, St John and St Luke. In 1968 the church was closed, and the London City Mission bought the site in 1974, opening its Nasmith House there in 1975.[Wikimapia, Wikipedia, StMary's]

Wedding, St Mary, Lambeth, 1800s
Image - In Their Shoes

London & Southwark from St Mary, Lambeth
Image - In Their Shoes

Cottages, Church St, Lambeth, early 1800s
Image - In Their Shoes

Lambeth is a district of south London, England, and part of the London Borough of Lambeth. The name is recorded in 1062 as Lambehitha and in 1255 as Lambeth, meaning 'landing place for lambs'. The name refers to a harbour where lambs were either shipped from or to. It is formed from the Old English 'lamb' and 'hythe. The marshland in the area was known as Lambeth Marshe, but was drained in the 18th century and is remembered in the Lower Marsh street name. Sometime after the opening of Waterloo railway station in 1848 the locality around the station and Lower Marsh became known as Waterloo. The current district of Lambeth was part of the large ancient parish of Lambeth St Mary Co Surrey. In the north it lay opposite the cities of London and Westminster. In 1889 it became part of the county of London. Lambeth Palace used to be located opposite the Palace of Westminster and the two were linked by a horse ferry across the Thames. Until the mid-18th Century the north of Lambeth was marshland, crossed by a number of roads raised against floods. With the opening of Westminster Bridge in 1750, followed by the Blackfriars Bridge and Vauxhall Bridge, a number of major thoroughfares were developed through Lambeth, such as Westminster Bridge Road, Kennington Road and Camberwell New Road.[Wikipedia] The Church of St. Mary, Lambeth, because of its proximity to the London residence of the Primate, was for many centuries an adjunct of Lambeth Palace, many of its rectors have been chaplains or household officers of the Archbishop. There was a church dedicated to St Mary in Lambeth before the Norman Conquest. Of the mediaeval church, only the tower now survives. The body of the church was rebuilt in flint and stone between the years 1374 and 1377 and the tower soon after. By 1791 only the tower remained of the 14th century church, the other parts of the structure were probably were built at several stages from the late 15th to the early 16th centuries. In 1719 the following description was given of the church: "The Walls … are of Brick and Stone mixed, the Floor paved with Free-stone, and the Chancel raised two Steps; the Bases of the Pillars are Octagonal, the Arches, and most of the Windows modern Gothick, and the Roof covered with Lead. In this Church are three Iles, or Chapels; that at the East End of the North Ile, is called Howard's Chapel, from the Interment of some of the Norfolk Family, and one at the East End of the South Ile, called Leigh's Chapel, where lye buried Sir John Leigh, Son of Ralph Leigh, Esq.; Lord of the Manour of Stockwell, and his Wife. The Inside of this Church is light and pleasant: … The Roof over the Nave of the Church is ceiled with Plaister, but the Side-Iles with Timber; the Walls generally wainscoated about Seven Foot high, and above the Altar higher: The Pews are new fronted with oak in the North and South Iles, the Galleries have also Oak Bolection Fronts; and over the Entrance into the Chancel is the Decalogue, between the Lord's Prayer and Creed.… The Altar-Piece is of a light Cedar Colour, adorned with Pilasters with gilded Capitals, Entablature, and Compass Pediment of the Corinthian Order, under which is a Glory… the whole enclosed with Rails and Ballisters." In 1778 a Gothic portal was put up at the west end of the church 'for the convenience of those parishioners who kept carriages.' In 1851 the whole building, except the tower, was demolished and the building erected.[BritishHistory] St Mary's was deconsecrated in 1972 and in 1976 was opened as the Museum of Garden History (now Garden Museum), the first museum in the world dedicated to the history of gardening.[Wikipedia]

Crn St Oswald's Place & Tyers St, Lambeth
Photograph - Landmark Lambeth

Remaining 1800s section, Vauxhall St, Lambeth
Photograph - Google StreetView

Cumberland Row, Lambeth (1666), c.1825
Watercolour - J. Hafell

Vauxhall is today an inner city area of South London in the London Borough of Lambeth, once in the historic county of Surrey. It is generally accepted that the etymology of Vauxhall is from the name of Falkes de Breauté, the head of King John's mercenaries, who owned a large house in the area which was referred to as Faulke's Hall, later Foxhall, and eventually Vauxhall. The area only became generally known by this name when the Vauxhall Pleasure Gardens opened as a public attraction. Initially most visitors would have approached by river, but crowds of Londoners of all classes came to know the area after the construction of Westminster Bridge in the 1740s. From various accounts, three local roads – the South Lambeth Road, Clapham Road (previously Merton Road) and Wandsworth Road (previously Kingston Road) – were ancient and well-known routes to and from London. The land was flat and parts were marshy and poorly drained by ditches, and only started to be developed in the mid-18th century but remained a village. Prior to this it provided market garden produce for the nearby City of London. Vauxhall Bridge and Vauxhall Bridge Road where opened in 1816. By 1860 the village had been subsumed by the town of Lambeth. Many of Vauxhall's streets were destroyed during the construction of the railway to Waterloo station, by German bombing in World War II or ravaged through poor city planning.[Wikipedia]

1.1. James Powell,[108,126] (s/o James Powell) born 14/3/1789,[99,124,125] Horsleydown, Southwark, Co Surrey, England,[124,125] & baptised 12/4/1789, St Mary Magdalen, Bermondsey, Southwark, Co Surrey, England.[99] Died 1873, Victoria, Australia (85yo, s/o James Powell & Penelope Dyer).[29] Cowkeeper, 1836.[126] Dairyman, 1841,1851.[124,125] Gold miner, 1852.[126] Married Catherine Ann[108,124,125,126] Toole.[29] Catherine, d/o John Toole & Mary Tingie, born 1796[125]/1799[29]/1801,[124] Lambeth, Co Surrey, England,[125] & died 25/8/1884, South Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (85yo).[29,129] "Powell - On the 25th inst., at South Melbourne, Katherine Ann Powell, aged 85 years, relict of the late James Powell, of Melbourne, and formerly of Kennington-road, London.(Argus 28/8/1884)"[129] (Catherine's parents married 4/9/1804, Saint Martin In The Fields, Westminster, Co London, England.[108] Whether she was born before the marriage or to a previous marriage & Mary Tingie was her step-mother is unknown) {According to 1841 census was not born in Co Surrey,[124] however 1851 census gives place of birth as Lambeth} Emigrated to Victoria, Australia on the 'Scindian',[130] arriving 10/1852.[126,130] The 'Scindian', James Cammell, master, carried 192 adult passengers and 77 children.[131] (James 60yo, Catherine 50yo, Isabella 24yo, Elizabeth 22yo, Eliza 20yo, Louisa 18yo, James A 16yo, George 13yo.[130]) Resided 1841, No.74 New Street {now Newburn Street}, Lambeth, Co Surrey, England,[124] (Powel, James 50yo, Catherine 40yo, Isabella 12yo, Elizabeth 7yo, Louisa 4yo, James 2yo & George 0yo.[124]). Resided 1851, No.74 New Street {now Newburn Street}, Lambeth, Co Surrey, England,[125] (Powell James 62yo, Catherine 55yo, Isabella 21yo, Elizabeth 19yo, Eliza 17yo, Louisa 15yo, James 13yo & George 11yo.[125]) Living with them, 1851, was Henry Dale, 8yo, visitor.[125] Resided 1852, Ballarat, Victoria, Australia.[126] Resided 1866, No.109 Victoria Parade, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.[139] Resided 1884, South Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.[29,129]

Chilren of James Powell & Catherine Ann Toole:

Catherine Ann Powell, baptised 6/10/1819, St Mary, Lambeth, Co Surrey, England.[108] {Not with family 1841. Married before 1841 or died young. Most other surviving siblings emigrated with parents in 1852, including next oldest, Ann Mary, who was married}

ii.

Mary Ann Powell (twin), baptised 10/3/1822, St Mary, Lambeth, Co Surrey, England.[108] {Not with family 1841. Married before 1841 or died young. Most other surviving siblings emigrated with parents in 1852, including next oldest, Ann Mary, who was married}

iii.

Ann Mary Powell (twin), baptised 10/3/1822, St Mary, Lambeth, Co Surrey, England.[108] Died 26/5/1892, 101 Barry Street, Carlton, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (68yo).[29,132] "Jackson - On the 26th inst, at her residence, 101 Barry street Carlton Anne Mary, widow of the late Robert H. Jackson.(Argus 27/85/1892)"[132]

"Notice is hereby given, that after the expiration of fourteen days from the publication hereof application will be made to the Supreme Court of the Colony of Victoria, in its Probate jurisdiction that probate of the last will and testament of Anne Mary Jackson, late of Melbourne, in the county of Bourke, in the colony of Victoria, widow, deceased, be granted to Robert Smith Brain of the Government Printing-office, Melbourne aforesaid, the executor named in and appointed by the said will. Dated this 28th day of May, 1892. Gaunson & Wallace, 418 Collins street, Melbourne, proctors for the said Robert Smith Brain.(Argus 30/5/1892)"[133]

Married Robert Hammond Jackson,[29] June quarter, 1849, St Giles, London, Co Middlesex, England.[68] Robert Hammond, s/o Robert & Mary (nee Hammond) died 1875, Victoria, Australia (54yo, born London).[29] Ann & Robert emigrated to Victoria, Australia, with Ann's parents, on the 'Scindian',[130] arriving 10/1852.[130] (Jackson Robert 30yo, Anne 30yo.[130]) No known issue (had no issue when emigrated & no issue born in Victoria).[29]

iv.

Elizabeth Powell, baptised 9/3/1825, St Mary, Lambeth, Co Surrey, England.[108] Died in infancy (2nd Elizabeth born 1831).

Isabella Powell, born 1829/1830, Lambeth, Co Surrey, England,[124,125] & baptised 5/1/1831, St Mark, Kennington, Co Surrey, England.[108] Living with parents, 1841,1851.[124,125] Died 7/3/1881, South Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (d/o James Powell & Catherine Toole, 57yo).[29,128,133]

"A fatal accident, arising out of the practice of getting out of railway trains when in motion, occurred at the Hobson's Bay station on the evening of the 6th inst. Shortly before 10 o'clock, on the 9.30 pm train from Windsor nearing the platform at the Flinders-street terminus, Miss Isabella Powell, dressmaker, of Collins-street east, was seen to alight from a first class carriage before the train came to a standstill, and her dress becoming entangled m the door, she was thrown down and fell beneath the carriage wheels. On being taken up, it was found that the train had passed over her left leg, crushing it to pieces, and over her right arm. The sufferer was removed to the Melbourne Hospital, where she rapidly sank, and died at a quarter past 2 o'clock the following morning.(Argus 15/3/1881)"[134]

Administration granted, 1/4/1881, for Isabel Powell, spinster of East Melbourne, to George Powell (brother).[128] Emigrated to Australia, 1852, with parents.[126] Did not marry.[29,128] Resided 1881, Collins Street East, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.[128,134]

vi.

Emma Elizabeth Powell, born 1831, Lambeth, Co Surrey, England,[124,125] & baptised 5/1/1831, St Mark, Kennington, Co Surrey, England.[108] Died 13/10/1890, 2 Gladstone-terrace, Shield-street, Newmarket, Flemington, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (d/o James Powell & Catherine Toole, 58yo).[29,135] {The age given on the death index is 38yo, obviously a transcription error. A more accurate 58yo is given in the death notice published in 'The Argus'} "Berrill - On the 13th inst., at 2 Gladstone-terrace, Shield-street, Newmarket, Elizabeth Emma, wife of Wm. Berrill, after a long and painful illness. Aged 58 years. Home papers please copy.(Argus 14/10/1890)"[135] "The Friends of William Berrill are invited to follow the remains of his late beloved wife to the place of interment, Melbourne General Cemetery. The funeral will start from his residence, Gladstone-terrace, Shield-street, Newmarket, at 2 p.m., this day.(Argus 15/10/1890)"[136] Living with parents, 1841,1851 (as Elizabeth).[124,125] Emigrated to Australia, 1852, with parents.[126] Married William Berrill, 2/12/1861, St Mark's, Collingwood, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.[29,137]

"Berrell-Powell.- On the 2nd December, 1861, at St Mark's Church, Collingwood, by the Rev. R B. Barlow, Mr. Wm. Berril, of Melbourne, son of the late Mr. Josh. Berril, of Bedford, Bedfordshire, England, to Emma Elizabeth, sixth daughter of Mr James Powell, of Guilford-place, Kennington, Surrey, England.(Argus 7/6/1862)"[137]

William, s/o Joseph Berrill & Susan Brown, born c.1835 & died 10/1/1891, 2 Gladstone-terrace, Shield-street, Newmarket, Flemington, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, (56yo).[29,128,138] "Berrill - On the 10th inst., at No. 2 Gladstone-terrace, Shields-street, Flemington, William Berill, fifth son of the late Joseph Berrill, of Bedford, England, aged 56 years. Bedford papers please copy.(Argus 12/1/1881)"[138] Affidavit of Administrator (AWA) granted 8/11/1892, for William Berrill, retired publican of Newmarket.[128] {Date may be 1891; [128] gives the incorrect dod of 10/1/1892. The death index does not have an entry for a William Berrill in 1892} Resided 1881, 1891, No.2 Gladstone-terrace, Shield-street, Newmarket, Flemington, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.[29,135,136,138]

Children: (a)

Elizabeth Evelyn Berrill, born 1862, Northcote, Victoria, Australia.[29] Married Frederick Wells, 1891, Victoria, Australia.[29]

Children: (1)

Wilfred Stephen Wells, born 1894, Essendon, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.[29]

(b)

William George Berrill, born 1864, Northcote, Victoria, Australia.[29] Died 1939, Essendon, Victoria, Australia (74yo).[29] Cremated & remains interred 3/2/1939, Garden Of Remembrance 1, Compartment 19, Niche C, Fawkner Memorial Park, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.[64] Married Ellen Davenport, 1893, Victoria, Australia.[29] Ellen, d/o Henry & Elizabeth, died 1947, Essendon, Victoria, Australia (81yo),[29] cremated & her ashes interred, 21/10/1947, with her husband.[64]

Children: (1)		Samuel George Berrill, born 1895, Essendon, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.[29] Died 1963, Rosedale, Victoria, Australia (69yo).[29] Cremated & remains interred 7/10/1963, Garden Of Remembrance 3, Wall Niches Section 4, Compartment A Niche 67, Fawkner Memorial Park, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.[64]
(2)		William James Berrill, born 1896, Essendon, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.[29] Died 1970, 'Donv', Victoria, Australia (73yo).[29]
(3)		Florence Winifred Berrill, born 1898, Essendon, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.[29]
(4)		Frederick Davenport Berrill, born 1904, Essendon, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.[29] Died 1951, Caufield, Victoria, Australia (46yo).[29]

(c)

Florence Catherine Eason Berrill, born 1866, Ballarat, Victoria, Australia.[29] Died 1891, Essendon, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (25yo, d/o Wm Berrill & Elizh Emma Powell).[29]

(d)

Alexander Berrill, born 1868, Ballarat, Victoria, Australia.[29]

vii.

Eliza Powell, born 18/4/1832,[108] Kensington,[29] Lambeth, Co Surrey, England,[125] & baptised 11/2/1835, St Mark, Kennington, Co Surrey, England.[108] Living with parents, 1851.[125] Died 24/3/1866, South Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (d/o James Powell & Catherine Toole, 29yo).[29]"Powell—On the 24th inst., at her father's residence, 109 Victoria-parade, Eliza, seventh daughter of Mr James Powell, late of Kennington, Surrey, London, England, aged twenty-nine.(Argus 27/3/1866).[139] Eliza resided, 1841, Waterloo Road 2nd, Lambeth district, Co Surrey, England.[69] Emigrated to Australia, 1852, with parents.[126] Did not marry.[29]

viii.

Louisa Powell, born 1835, Lambeth, Co Surrey, England,[124,125] & baptised 11/2/1835, St Mark, Kennington, Co Surrey, England.[108] Died 31/10/1902, 'Elloe', Power street, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia (d/o James Powell & Catherine Toole, 62yo).[29,128,140] "Brain - On the 31st October at her residence, 'Elloe', Power street, Hawthorn, Louisa, the beloved wife of Robert S. Brain (Government printer) aged 62 years.(Argus 1/11/1902)"[140] Probate granted 4/12/1902 for Louisa Brain, married, of Hawthorn,[128] for £980.[5] Living with parents, 1841,1851.[124,125] Emigrated to Australia, 1852, with parents.[126] Married Robert Smith Brain, 30/3/1861, St Peter's, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.[29,141] "Brain-Powell. Robert Smith Brain, eldest son of Mr Benjamin Brain, of Bath, England, to Louisa, youngest daughter of Mr James Powell, formerly of Kennington, Surrey, England; at St Peter's Church, Melbourne, by the Rev. H. H. P. Handfield, on the 30th ult.(Argus 6/4/1861)"[141] Robert, s/o Brian Brain & Jane Ferres, died 21/5/1906, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (66yo).[29,128,142]

"Mr. Robert S. Brain, the Victorian Government Printer, died suddenly yesterday morning from hemorrhage, arising from asthma.He was at business on Saturday. The deceased was 67 years of age. Mr Brain entered the Victorian Government Printing Office in 1851 as a boy of 11, and worked his way up to the highest position in the department. On August 1, 1887, he succeeded his uncle, the late Mr John Ferres, as Government Printer. He was thus the permanent head of the Government Printing Office for nearly 19 years, and an officer for about 51 years. He left a grown-up family of ten. Mrs Brain died about four years ago. Mr Kemp (superintendent of the Government Printing Office) will probably be appointed Acting Government Printer till arrangements are made for permanently filling the vacancy.(Advertiser 22/5/1906)"[142]

Probate granted, 5/7/1906, for will of Robert S Brain, of Hawthorn, Government Printer.[128] Resided 1875, No.10 King William street, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia.[145] Resided 1902, 'Elloe', Power street, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia.[140] Resided 1903, 'Ellore', Power street, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia.[146]

Children: (a)

female Brain, born 1862, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.[29]

(b)

Linda Louisa Brain, born 1864, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.[29] Died 28/5/1940, 31 Glenferrie road, Kew, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (75yo).[29,143] Did not marry.[29] "Brain-On the 28th May 1940 at her residence, 31 Glenferrie road, Kew, Linda Louisa, the beloved daughter of the late R. S. and Louisa Brain (Privately cremated).(Argus 31/5/1940)"[143] Cremated & remains interred 30/5/1940, Garden Of Remembrance 1, Compartment 34, Niche 35, Fawkner Memorial Park, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.[64]

"Linda Louisa Brain, Deceased - Pursuant to the provUions of the Trustee Act 1928, notice is hereby given that The Equity Trustees, Executors, and Agency Company Limited, whose registered office is situate at 472 Bourke street, Melbourne, in the state of Victoria, and Ida Muriel Cooper, of 23 Kerferd street, East Malvern, in the said State, spinster, the executors to whom probate of the estate of Linda Louisa Brain, late of 31 Glenferrie road, Kew. in the said State, spinster, deceased (who died on the 28th day of May, 1940), was granted by the Supreme Court of the said State on the 10th day of September, 1940, intend to convey or distribute the assets of the said deceased to or amongst the persons entitled thereto, and require any person interested to send to the said company at its said registered office at 472 Bourke street, Melbourne aforesaid, on or before the twenty-first day of November, 1940, notice in writing of his or her claim against the estate of the said deceased, and notice is hereby further given that at the expiration of the time aforesaid the said company will convey or distribute the estate of the said deceased to or amongst the persons entitled thereto, having regard only to the claims, whether formal or not, of which it shall then have had notice and further that it will not be liable to any person of whose claim it shall not then have had notice. Dated this seventeenth day of September, 1940. J. H. S. Campbell & Son, 382 Little Collins street, Melbourne, solicitors for the company.(Argus 18/9/1940)"[144]

(c)

George Alexander Brain, born 1865, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.[29] Died 1909, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia (44yo).[29] Did not marry.[29]

(d)

Henry John Brain, born 1865, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.[29] Died 8/12/1875, 10 King William street, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia (10yo).[29,145] "Brain-On the 8th inst. at 10 King William street, Fitzroy, of scarlet fever, Henry John, twin son of Robt. S. and Louisa Brain, aged ten years and four months.(Argus 10/12/1875)"[145]

(e)

Evelyn Jane Brain, born 1867, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.[29] Died 1926, Kew, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (59yo).[29] Did not marry.[29]

(f)

Florence Hannah Brain, born 1868, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.[29] Died 1945, Kew, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (76yo).[29] Did not marry.[29]

(g)

Robert Sinclair Brain, born 1870, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.[29] Died 1951, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (80yo).[29] Married Margaret Annie Ferguson, 1920, Victoria, Australia.[29] Margaret, d/o Joseph & Elizabeth, died 1977, East Malvern, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (77yo).[29]

(h)

Herbert Ernest Brain, born 1873, South Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.[29] Died 1962, Surrey Hills, Victoria, Australia (89yo).[29] Married Maude Sturrock Marshall, 29/4/1903, Presbyterian Church, Kew, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.[29,146] "Brain-Marshall-0n the 29th April, at the Kew Presbyterian Church, by the Rev. John Barnsby, Herbert Ernest, son of Robert S. Brain J.P. (Government printer), of 'Ellore', Power street, Hawthorn, to Maude Sturrock, daughter of the late John Marshall, of 'Maryfield', Gurner street, St Kilda.(Argus 20/5/1903)"[146] Maud, d/o John & Mary, died 1961, Cambrian Hill, Victoria, Australia (93yo).[29]

Children: (1)		Robert Marshall Brain, born 1904, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia.[29]
(2)		Herbert Powell Brain, born 1909, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia.[29]

(i)

John Leslie McClure Brain, born 1874, Collingwood, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.[29] Died 1931, Caulfield, Victoria, Australia (56yo).[29] Did not marry.[29]

(j)

Leonard Fancourt Brain, born 1878, Collingwood, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.[29] Died 1966, Cambrian Hill, Victoria, Australia (87yo).[29] Married Victoria Helen Henderson, 1912, Victoria, Australia.[29] Victoria, d/o John & Jessie, died 1971, Kew, Victoria, Australia (83yo).[29]

Children: (1)

Patricia Fancourt Brain, born 1914, Kew, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.[29]

(k)

Francis Cuthbert Brain, born 1880, Fitzroy, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.[29] Died 1965, 'Loch', Victoria, Australia (85yo).[29] Married Elsie Gina Kate Brain, 1916, Victoria, Australia.[29] Elsie, d/o John Henry & Catherine, died 1952, Korumburra, Victoria, Australia (60yo).[29]

Children: (1)

Robert George Brain, born 1917, Kew, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.[29]

ix.

James Alexander Powell, born 1836/1837, Lambeth, Co Surrey, England,[124,125,126] & baptised 16/4/1837, St Mary, Lambeth, Co Surrey, England.[108] Died 21/10/1921, Homoeopathic Hospital, South Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (85yo).[29,64,126] Buried Church of England Section, Compartment E, plot 33, Coburg cemetery, Victoria, Australia.[64,126] Will probated, 15/12/1921, for James A Powell, no occupation, of Deepdene.[128] Living with parents, 1841,1851.[124,125]

"Powell, James Alexander (1836-1921), arts administrator, was born in 1836 in London, son of James Powell, cowkeeper, and his wife Catherine. In October 1852, when the family arrived in Victoria, James was 16, of Protestant faith, able to read and write, with four older sisters and a younger brother. They went straight to Ballarat where James worked with his father gold-mining though he must have attended to his education also, for his later writings reflect the philosophies of the mechanics' institute movement. Earnest and thoughtful, he organized the formation, on 20 January 1870, of the first miner's union in Victoria, the Ballarat and Sebastopol Miners' Mutual Protection Association. Powell enunciated its rules and objects, which were particularly concerned with protecting the health of underground miners. He accepted the post of union secretary 'from a love of the class to which he belonged'. His refusal to accept more than a miner's wage did not prevent the union's collapse in May. On 2 January 1882 at Avoca he married the widowed Adelaide Rebecca Stewart, née Simons. Described as 'an old identity of nearly 30 years' in 1882, Powell was proprietor and editor of the Ballarat Star from November 1882 to June 1884, and later wrote for the Courier. The Star reported an art exhibition in June 1884 organized by a committee led by James Oddie that led to the setting up of the Ballarat Fine Art Gallery. Powell was appointed secretary of the Gallery Association in August 1885 at £200 a year. He set about defining the philosophy and aims of the gallery (renting its premises in the Academy of Music) in a series of lectures for members of the association early in 1886. Published as A Plea for Art Culture (Ballarat, 1887), they propounded the desirability of 'proper facilities ... for the acquirement by our young art students, artisans and mechanics of a sound artistic and technical art education under an approved system and recognized competent supervision'. Powell's philosophy embraced a purely utilitarian intention to secure the industrial future by fostering good design, but it was concerned equally with the moral responsibility to pass on 'the rich legacy of a cultivated taste'. Powell was active in founding the gallery's technical art school in 1891, and his sound administration and gifts with the pen secured its success. During 1887-89 he supervised the building of the art gallery's new premises and the hanging of the first pictures. His theories of art education and popular culture appeared in several pamphlets that include a Descriptive Catalogue (Illustrated) of the Permanent Collection of Pictures (1891). Powell resigned through ill health in April 1915. He died, childless, on 21 October 1921 at the Homoeopathic Hospital, South Melbourne, and was buried in Coburg cemetery. He left £65 in the State Savings Bank of Victoria."[126]

Goldminer, arts administrator, journalist, newspaper editor, newspaper owner, trade union official.[126]

"Major Smith & the Ballarat Star. An action has been commenced by Major Smith, MLA, against Mr J. A. Powell, the printer and publisher of the Ballarat Star, to recovor damages for alleged libel contained in some letters in the Star reflecting on his moral character. On Thursday an application was made to the Supreme Court on behalf of the plaintif, calling on the defendant to answer certain questions. It was heard before the Cheif Justice, Mr Justice Higinbotham, and Mr Justice Holroyd. This was a summons referred by Mr Justice Higinbotham to the Court. The summons sought that the plaintif! should be allowed to deliver with the declaration a number of interrogatories to the defendant. The plaintif is Major W. C Smith, MLA, and the defendant, Mr James A Powell, is the printer and publisher of the Ballarat Star newspaper, and the action was brought to recover damages for alleged libels that appeared in a series of letters in the Slar. In his affidavit Major Smith stated that a public meeting of the public of Ballarat was convened and held on the 4th February, 1884, to consider what steps should be taken to amend the law relating to seduction. After this meeting was held, namely, on the 26th Februury last, and on subsequent days, letters appeared in the Star reflecting upon him. He was informed, and believed, that such letters were not as they purported to be, the letters of bona fide electors of the district of Ballarat West, and others unconnected with the Star office, but that some, it not all of them, were written in the office of the paper, either by the defendant or with his connivance and knowledge, and by his procurement. He had endeavoured, through his solicitors, Messrs Hardy and Madden, to obtain from the defendant the names of the alleged writers of the letters, but had been unable to obtain the same. He stated that the action was one of libel brought against the defendant on account of the letters, and he was advised, and believed, that the publication of the letters might be held to be privileged, and therefore that the information sought to be obtained by the proposed interrogatories was necessary for the proper proof of his action, and he was seeking the information for the purposes of the suit alone, and he did not intend to, and would not, use it in any manner in any criminal proceedings whatsoever against the defendant or any other persons. The proposed interrogatories referred to the last letter -"1st Were you, on the 26th February, 1884, the printer and publisher ot the Ballarat Star? 2nd. Were you, during February, the editor and manager of that paper? 3rd. Was there a letter published in that newspaper on the 26th February, 1884, headed 'Major Smith's Forthcoming Meeting,' and signed 'Purity'? 4th. Were you the writer of that letter, or was it written by your orders or directions? if not, do you know the name and address ot the writer of that letter? and if so, state his or her name and address." There were similar interrogatories as to the other letters. The last proposed interrogatory was, "If you do not know the names and addresses of the writers of the said letters, or any of them, is there any person or persons in your employment or under your orders who do know the names and addresses of the writers of the said letters or any of them, and what is the name or names of such person or persons?" Mr Mitchell appeared for the plaintiff; Mr. Hodges for the defendant. Mr Mitchell contended that the Court ought to allow the ínterrogatories to be put. They were necessary for the proof of the plaintiff's case, and they did not at all relate to the defendant's case. The defendant might plead privileged comment, and the answers to these questions might show that there was actual malice entertained by the defendant towards the plaintiff, because if the letters were not genuine, but were concocted in the office, the jury might infer malice. The defendant objected on the ground that the answers might tend to criminate him, but that was no answer to the application, and the plaintiff might not be able to prove actual mulice unless by this means. Mr Hodges said that there was a difference between actions for libel and other actions. The defendant was not bound to criminate himself. The object of this application was apparent, namely, that if the plaintiff got the names of the writers he would proceed against them. The plaintiff said he would not take criminal proceedings, but he carefully abstained from saying he would not take civil proceedings. On behalf of the plaintiff he would admit the first three interrogatories, and the similar ones relating to the other letters, but he objected to the fourth, and also to the last one. If the plaintiff could not prove his case except by getting an admission from the defendant, that was his misfortune, but it was one which frequently happened where criminal as well as civil proceedings could be brought. The Court reserved its decision.(Argus 12/4/1884)"[147]

Married Adelaide Rebecca Stewart nee Simons, 2/1/1882, St John's, Avoca, Victoria, Australia.[126,148] "Powell-Stewart.-On the 2nd inst., at St John's, Church, Avoca, by the Rev. J. Aubrey Ball, incumbent, James Alexander Powell, eldest son of the late James Powell, of Kennington, London, to Adelaide relict of the late Albert Norbert Stewart, and fourth surviving daughter of the late John Simons, of Brighton, Sussex. No cards. Home papers please copy.(Argus 10/1/1882)"[148] Adelaide died 1917, Victoria, Australia (76yo),[29,64] & buried with her husband, Coburg cemetery, Victoria, Australia.[64,126] No issue.[126] Resided 1870-1915, Ballarat, Victoria, Australia.[126]

George Powell, born 1839, Lambeth, Co Surrey, England,[124,125] & baptised 3/4/1839, St Mary, Lambeth, Co Surrey, England.[108] Died 9/6/1924, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (89yo).[29,128,149]

"Aged 87 years, Mr George Powell, a former president of the Commercial Travellers' Association, died on Monday after having been inmate of a private hospital for about four months. Mr Powell was a leading member of the association for nearly 40 years, and held the office of president in 1892 and 1893. Mr Powell, who was unmarried, fought in the Maori wars. Until his retirement about 10 years ago, he was in the service of Groves, McVitty Pty Ltd. The burial will be at the Brighton Cemetery this afternoon at 3 o'clock.(Argus 11/6/1924)"[149]

{Whilst this death was listed with parents 'unknown', there were only two deaths for a George Powell in Victoria between 1852-1985 with a age at death consistent with a DOB of within a 5 years of 1839 & not otherwise excluded by known parents. One, as given above, and another George who died 1885, Ballarat district.[5] This George, a publican, died Tarnagulla, 23/8/1885, and administration was granted to Mary J. Powell.[128] According to [5] George Powell, born Birmingham, England, married Mary Jane Turnbull, 1868, Victoria, which almost certainly eliminates the George who died 1885 as being the s/o James, above} Gentleman.[128] Probate granted 11/7/1924.[128] President of the Commercial Travellers' Association.[149] Living with parents, 1841,1851.[124,125] Emigrated to Australia, 1852, with parents.[126] Did not marry.

Waterloo Road, Lambeth, 1872
Image - Antique maps and prints

74 Newburn Street, Lambeth, 2010
Photograph - Google StreetView

Ballarat, Victoria, 1851
Painting - David Tulloch

The Scindian was a barque of 650 tons, constructed at Sunderland, England in 1844 and named after the Indian Scindia dynasty. The Scindian is widely considered the first convict ship to arrive in Western Australia, because it was the first to arrive after Western Australia became a penal colony. A number of ships did bring Parkhurst apprentices to Western Australia between 1842 and 1849, and while these were not considered convict ships by the Western Australian authorities, they were classified as such in English records. The Scindian sank off the cost of Rio Marina, Elba, Italy on 3 November 1880.[Wikipedia] Ballarat is a city in the state of Victoria, Australia located at the foothills of the Great Dividing Range approximately 105 kilometres north-west of Melbourne. It is the largest inland centre and the third most populous city in the state. It was named by Scottish settler Archibald Yuille who established the sheep run called Ballaarat in 1837 with the name derived from local Wathaurong Aboriginal words for the area, 'balla arat', thought to mean 'resting place'. Ballarat is one of the most significant Victorian era boomtowns in Australia. Gold was discovered in Poverty Point on 21 August 1851 and the area of Ballarat was later found to be a rich alluvial field where gold could easily be extracted. News of the finds intensified the Victorian gold rush bringing over 10,000 migrants to the city from around the world within a year and transforming it from a station to a major settlement in the newly proclaimed Colony of Victoria. Australia's first gold stamp mill was established at Ballarat in 1854. Ballarat was the site of the Eureka Rebellion, the only armed civil uprising in Australian history which took place on 3 December 1854 and an event controversially identified with the birth of democracy in Australia. Many significant Australian cultural icons are also a legacy of Ballarat's gold rush boom. The rebellion's symbol, the Eureka Flag has become a national symbol and is held at the Ballarat Fine Art Gallery, Australia's oldest and largest regional gallery. Other nationally significant heritage structures include the Ballarat Botanical Gardens, established 1857, the best example of a regional botanic gardens in Australia with the greatest concentration of public statuary including the official Prime Minister's Avenue; the longest running lyric theatre building, Her Majesty's, established 1875; the first municipal observatory, established 1886; and the earliest and longest memorial avenue, the Avenue of Honour, established between 1917 and 1919. During the 1860s Ballarat prospered on gold mining. Confidence of the city's early citizens in the enduring future of their city is evident in the sheer scale of many of the early public buildings, generous public recreational spaces, and opulence of many of its commercial establishments and private housing. The railway came to the town with the opening of the Geelong-Ballarat line in 1862. During the period from the 1880s to the early 20th century Ballarat made a successful transition from a gold rush town to industrial age city. Following the turn of the century Ballarat's growth had all but stopped with the slowing of gold extraction. The city has, however endured as a major regional centre. It is the commercial capital of the Central Highlands and the largest city in the Goldfields region of Victoria – a significant tourist destination. Ballarat is known for its history, culture and its well preserved Victorian era heritage.[Wikipedia]

Ballarat township, 1857
Watercolour - State Library of Victoria

Collins Street, Melbourne, 1860
Watercolour - East Melbourne Hist. Soc.

Opposite 109 Victoria Pde, Melbourne
Photograph - The Age

Melbourne is the capital and most populous city in the state of Victoria, and the second most populous city in Australia. The metropolis is located on the large natural bay known as Port Phillip, with the city centre positioned at the estuary of the Yarra River. The metropolitan area then extends south from the city centre, along the eastern and western shorelines of Port Phillip, and expands into the hinterland. It was founded in 1835 (47 years after the European settlement of Australia) by settlers from Van Diemen's Land. It was named by governor Richard Bourke in 1837, in honour of William Lamb - the 2nd Viscount Melbourne. Melbourne was officially declared a city by Queen Victoria in 1847. In 1851, it became the capital city of the newly created colony of Victoria. During the Victorian gold rush of the 1850s, it was transformed into one of the world's largest and wealthiest cities. After the federation of Australia in 1901, it then served as the interim seat of government of the newly created nation of Australia until 1927. In May and June 1835, the area that is now central and northern Melbourne was explored by John Batman, a leading member of the Tasmanian Port Phillip Association, who negotiated a purchase of 600,000 acres with eight Wurundjeri elders. Batman selected a site on the northern bank of the Yarra River, declaring that "this will be the place for a village", and returned to Launceston in Tasmania. By the time a settlement party from the Association arrived to set up the new village, a separate group organised and financed by John Pascoe Fawkner had already arrived (on 30 August 1835) aboard his ship the Enterprize and established a settlement at the same location. The two groups ultimately agreed to share the settlement. Batman's Treaty with the Aborigines was annulled by the New South Wales government (which at the time governed all of eastern mainland Australia), which compensated the Association. Although this meant the settlers were now trespassing on Crown land, the government reluctantly accepted the settlers' fait accompli and allowed the town (known at first by various names, including 'Batmania' and 'Dutergalla') to remain. In 1836, Governor Bourke declared the city the administrative capital of the Port Phillip District of New South Wales, and commissioned the first plan for the city, the Hoddle Grid, in 1837. Later that year the settlement was named Melbourne after the current British prime minister William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne, who resided in the village of Melbourne in Derbyshire. The Port Phillip District became the separate Colony of Victoria in 1851, with Melbourne as its capital. The discovery of gold in Victoria in 1851 led to the Victorian gold rush, and Melbourne, which served as the major port and provided most services for the region, experienced rapid growth. Within months, the city's population had increased by nearly three-quarters, from 25,000 to 40,000. Thereafter, growth was exponential and by 1865, Melbourne had overtaken Sydney as Australia's most populous city. Chinese migrants founded a Chinatown in 1851, which remains the longest continuous Chinese settlement in the Western World. The population growth and flow of gold into the city helped stimulate a program of grand civic building beginning with the design and construction of many of Melbourne's surviving institutional buildings including Parliament House, the Treasury Building and Treasury Reserve, the Old Melbourne Gaol, Victoria Barracks, the State Library, Supreme Court, University, General Post Office, Government House, Customs House the Melbourne Town Hall, St Paul's, St Patrick's cathedrals and several major markets including the surviving Queen Victoria Market. The city's inner suburbs were planned, to be linked by boulevards and gardens. Melbourne had become a major finance centre, home to several banks, the Royal Mint to Australia's first stock exchange in 1861. The economic boom of the Victorian gold rush peaked during the 1880s and Melbourne had become the richest city in the world and the largest city after London in the British Empire. Growing building activity culminated in a "land boom" which, in 1888, reached a peak of speculative development fuelled by consumer confidence and escalating land value. As a result of the boom, large commercial buildings, coffee palaces, terrace housing and palatial mansions proliferated in the city. The establishment of a hydraulic facility in 1887 allowed for the local manufacture of elevators, resulting in the first construction of high-rise buildings; most notably 1889's APA Building, the world's tallest office building upon completion. The boom ended in 1891 with a severe depression. The effects of the depression on the city were profound, although it recovered enough to grow slowly during the early twentieth century. Flinders Street Station was the world's busiest passenger station in 1927 and Melbourne's tram network overtook Sydney's to become the world's largest in the 1940s. During World War II, Melbourne industries thrived on wartime production and the city became Australia's leading manufacturing centre.[Wikipedia]

Terraces, 139-143 Barry St, Carlton
Photograph - Realestate.com

Collins St, Melbourne, 1900
Photograph - Cazzi's Blog

Flinders Street Platforms, 1890
Photograph - The Age

No's 95-129 Barry Street, Carlton, have been demolished for a University of Melbourne building. Remaining residences on this stretch of Barry street are all terraces. Carlton is an inner city suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 2 km north from Melbourne's central business district. The suburb well known for its "Little Italy" precinct on Lygon Street, for its Victorian architecture and its European-style squares (University Square, Lincoln Square, Argyle Place and MacArthur Place) and the Carlton Gardens, the latter being the location of the Royal Exhibition Building, one of Australia's few man-made sites with World Heritage status. Carlton is thought to have been named after Carlton House, London & was founded in 1851 at the beginning of the Victorian Gold Rush. The area is noted for its diverse population that has been the home in earlier days of Jewish and Italian immigrants.[Wikipedia] Trains have been arriving at the site of Flinders Street Station long before the construction of the iconic building we recognise today. In 1854, the Melbourne Terminus was the first city railway station built in Australia and was situated on the corner of Flinders and Elizabeth Streets. Originally, it comprised only one weatherboard building and a small platform. This serviced the first railway line in Victoria, running only to Sandridge (Port Melbourne). A number of additions were made to the terminus over the following years, including the introduction of a St Kilda line in 1857 and extra platforms from 1877 onwards. In the 1880s, Melbourne enjoyed a boom-time following the Victorian gold rush. The city became larger than most European capitals, the population doubled in a decade, and a fortune was poured into the construction of impressive buildings that rivalled those of New York, Chicago and London. This era also saw the suburban railway network expand significantly. The Melbourne Terminus was deemed “an eyesore, inefficient and uneconomical” and a new station was proposed. In 1889, a worldwide competition was held for the design of the new station. In May 1900, the first prize was awarded to two Victorian Railways employees, Fawcett and Ashworth, for their design entitled Green Light, based on the “French Renaissance” style. The new Flinders Street Station was officially opened in 1910. By the 1930s, Flinders Street Station had on average 241,130 passengers per week, putting it well-ahead of any other station in the world, including Gare Saint-Lazare, Paris (150,000 passengers) and Grand Central Station, New York (108,843 passengers).[Melbourne Curious]

St Mark's, Fitzroy
Photo - St Mark's

Nathan's Terrace, 1-11 Shields Street
Photograph - Australian Terrace Houses

St Peter's, Fitzroy, Melbourne, 1854
Engraving - Frederick Grosse

11-19 King William St, Fitzroy
Photograph - Google StreetView

Flemington is a suburb in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, situated between the Maribyrnong River and Moonee Ponds Creek 6 km north-west from Melbourne's central business district. It was named by settler James Watson after Flemington estate in Scotland. It is notable for the famous Melbourne Cup Thoroughbred horse race which has been run since 1861 at Flemington Racecourse. It includes the locality of Newmarket, in which the main commercial area, Racecourse Road is located. In 1839, James Watson came to Port Phillip to purchase land for himself and English and Scottish investors. He named the area Flemington after Flemington estate in Scotland where his wife’s father was manager, which was in turn named because of Flemish settlement in the area. Flemington and the adjacent Kensington consist primarily of weatherboard cottages mixed with attached brick single-storey and some double-storey terrace houses. Most of the homes are in Victorian or Boom style with some Edwardian and Federation style homes. Some sections originally contained factories and industry. The earliest land release was in the 1840s when fertile land adjacent to the Maribyrnong River was taken up for cattle grazing. Land for Flemington Racecourse was reserved as early as 1845. Around this time the Melbourne Municipal Saleyards were relocated from Elizabeth Street, West Melbourne to Flemington. Also around this time abbatoirs and other commercial activities were established. Various industrial activities were clustered around the Maribyrnong River and the Moonee Ponds Creek. The Victorian Goldrush of the 1850s encouraged further development as Mount Alexander Road was the main route to the North Western Goldfields. Flemington and Kensington broke away from the City of Essendon in 1882 to form the Borough of Flemington and Kensington as the decade saw intensified residential development consisting of detached single-storey weatherboard homes and some brick semi-detached or attached single-storey homes on small allotments. Some larger homes including grandiose double-storey brick homes on double allotments, and some double-storey brick terrace homes were also constructed. Industry consisting of mills, factories and warehouses continued in the area taking advantage of the low-cost flat land. By 1911 the population was 6,109.[Wikipedia] Fitzroy is an inner city suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 2 km north-east from Melbourne's central business district. It was named after Sir Charles Augustus FitzRoy, the Governor of New South Wales from 1846-1855. Fitzroy was Melbourne's first suburb, created in 1839 when the area between Melbourne and Alexandra Parade (originally named Newtown) was subdivided into vacant lots and offered for sale. Newtown was later renamed Collingwood, and the area now called Fitzroy (west of Smith Street) was made a ward of the Melbourne City Council. In 1858 Fitzroy became a municipality in its own right, separate from the City of Melbourne. Surrounded as it was by a large number of factories and industrial sites in the adjoining suburbs, Fitzroy was ideally suited to working men's housing, and from the 1860s to the 1880s, Fitzroy's working class population rose dramatically. The area's former mansions became boarding houses and slums, and the heightened poverty of the area prompted the establishment of several charitable, religious and philanthropic organisations in the area over the next few decades. It has a long associations with the working class and is currently inhabited by a wide variety of ethnicities and socio-economic groups and is known for a culture of bohemianism, being main home of Melbourne's Fringe Festival. Its commercial heart is Brunswick Street, which is one of Melbourne's major retail, eating, and entertainment strips. It has undergone waves of both urban renewal and gentrification since the 1950s. In response to past planning practices, much of the suburb is now a historic preservation precinct with many individual buildings and streetscapes. Its topography is flat, it is laid out in grid plan and is characterised by a fairly tightly-spaced rectangular grid of medium-sized with many of its narrow streets and back lanes facilitating only one-way traffic. Its built form is a legacy of its early history when a mixture of land uses was allowed to develop close to each other, producing a great diversity of types and scales of building. There are examples of grand homes, workers cottages, terraces, corner shops and pubs, warehouses and factories rubbing shoulders in the space of few metres.[Wikipedia] St Mark's. Melbourne's finest early bluestone church, and one of the few surviving buildings attributed to James Blackburn Jnr., begun in 1853 and extended by Leonard Terry (1865) and Charles Webb (1876). The church is an elaborate and well-developed example of the Early English style, including an impressive broach spire to the north-west and five large lancet windows at the west end.[National Trust]

174 Power Street, Hawthorn
Photograph - Realestate.com

St John the Divine, Avoca
Photograph - Google StreetView

Ballarat, 1870s
Image - Public Records Office Northern Ireland

'Ellore', a town of British India, in the Kistna district of Madras, on the Fast Coast railway, 303 miles from Madras. The two canal systems of the Godavari and the Kistna deltas meet here. There are manufactures of cotton and saltpetre, and an important Church of England high school. Ellore was formerly a military station, and the capital of the Northern Circars. At Pedda Vegi to the north of it are extensive ruins, which are believed to be remains of the Buddhist kingdom of Vengi. From these the Mahommedans, after their conquest of the district in 1470, obtained material for building a fort at Ellore.[1911 Encylopaedia] Hawthorn is a suburb in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 6 kilometres east from Melbourne's central business district. The name Hawthorn, gazetted in 1840 as "Hawthorne", is thought to have originated from a conversation involving Charles La Trobe, who commented that the native shrubs looked like flowering Hawthorn bushes. The area was first settled in the late 1830s. The Boroondara Roads Board, the first municipal authority, was set up in the 1850s and covered an area to the present City of Boroondara. Boroondara is an aboriginal word reputed to mean place of shade. However, the Hawthorn Roads Board and the Kew Roads Board split from the rest of Boroondara in 1860. The HRB evolved into the Town of Hawthorn and the City of Hawthorn. The state government amalgamated the Cities of Camberwell, Hawthorn and Kew in 1994 to form the City of Boroondara. The region is generally regarded to be one of Melbourne's surviving bastions of post-Gold Rush expansion. Land values in the region are among the country's highest, especially in the prestigious Grace Park Estate straddling the suburb's northern boundary and Yarra Park in the west.[Wikipedia] Avoca is a historic goldmining town in Victoria with wide street and large number of historic buildings. Located 181 km north west of Melbourne and 72 km north of Ballarat, Avoca is notable for its extraordinarily wide main street - so wide in fact that there is a huge area of parkland in the centre which is large enough for picnic facilities, a war memorial and the occasional shady tree. Thomas Mitchell was the first European to pass through the area. He reached it in 1836 and, as rumour has it, named the local river 'Avoca' after a river or vale in County Wicklow, Ireland. A decade later there were a number of squatters in the area but the real change to the district's fortunes occurred in 1852 when gold was discovered only 3 km east of the town. By 1854 the town had a population of 2577 and there were a total of around 6000 diggers operating in the 6 km of riverbed south of the confluence of Glenlogie Creek and Avoca River. It was around this time that Avoca grew dramatically. A police camp of some 50 troopers was established in 1853 and a lock-up built the following year, an impressive Bank of Victoria was built in 1854 to capitalise the new-found wealth, a series of businesses set up shop, the Avoca Hotel opened its doors in 1854, the Union Hotel in 1855, a Wesleyan Church was built in 1856, a National School in 1857 and the courthouse in 1859. A description of the diggings in the early 1860s: 'Shanties, public houses and shops sprang up rapidly and the place was a veritable beehive of industry with the whirring of the windlass, the clank-clank of the buckets, the rumble of the 'cradle' and the puddling machine, the tents, the lights innumerable at night, the singing oft bacchanalian the laughter and the brawls made a medley of sound incidental to the bush mining camp.' The town's population had dropped back to 768 by 1871. The railway line from Maryborough was opened in 1876. But by this time the gold rush was all but over. Men were still making a reasonable living at Amphitheatre as late as the 1890s but the gold was now difficult to get. Slowly the farmers began to reassert themselves. By the 1870s grapes were being grown in the area and over the next twenty years mixed farming - sheep, cattle, orchards - started to dominate in the area. There were various attempts to use dredges to extract the gold and these continued intermittently throughout this century with the last dredge only stopping operations in 1957.[Sydney Morning Herald]

Ballarat Fine Art Gallery, 2010
Photograph - Biatch [Wikipedia]

Flinders Street, 1913
Photograph - Walking Melbourne

Rendezvous Hotel (CTA Building on R)
Photograph - Hotels Melbourne

Ballarat Art Gallery, 40 Lydiard Street, Ballarat. Art Gallery of Ballarat is the oldest and largest regional art gallery in Australia and was the first to be built outside a capital city in the overseas dominions of the British Empire. Established in 1884 as the Ballarat Fine Art Gallery by the citizens of Ballarat both the building and part of its collection is listed on the Victorian Heritage Register and by the National Trust of Victoria. The gallery is notable as the home, since 1895, of the original Eureka Flag and houses major collections covering the history of Australian art from the early colonial period to the present day. In Ballarat, the 1880s witnessed building on a grand scale in the centre of the city. It was home to many citizens whose background and inclinations led them to the view that an art gallery was an essential element of a civilised and modern city. As Secretary of the Gallery Association from 1885 until 1915, James Powell was in effect the first manager of the Gallery. He was the Gallery's philosopher and advocate in the early years, articulating the importance of a socially useful gallery. The art gallery rented its original premises, however funds were raised for a permanent home for its collection. The current building is the oldest purpose built art gallery building in Australia. Designed by Tappin, Gilbert and Dennehy in the Renaissance Revival architecture style as a bluestone brick and render facade and stone stairway, the foundation stone was laid in 1887 to commemorate Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee. The original building is still the core of the Gallery. A 2001 public appeal raised $2 million for expansion of the gallery. The $7 million extension by H Troon and designed by Peddle Thorp was finally completed in 2007 to accommodate the expanding collection of contemporary works, temporary exhibits and gallery functions. A $1.85 million exterior restoration project began in 2009 and completed in 2010 which resulted in the reversal of unsympathetic 1950s renovations including paint being removed from the facade and reopening of the windows.[Wikipedia, Art Gallery of Ballarat] The Eureka Flag. Following correspondence from James Powell, Secretary of the Art Gallery of Ballarat in 1895 to Mrs J King "for the very interesting relic as a gift .. or failing your family's willingness to part with it altogether, to lend it for a specified term.." Mrs King, the widow of Trooper J King, agreed to lend the flag to the Gallery on the condition that either she or her son Arthur could get it at any time. The flag was duly posted to the Gallery but many continued to believe it was a replica or 'bunting' until the flag itself was compared with a significant fragment that had with certainty been cut off on the 3rd December 1854 - the day the rebellion was suppressed. Comparison of the fibres of the fragment and matrix put the authenticity of the flag in the Gallery beyond doubt as they were found to be identical. As was common practice for interesting 'relics' of this kind before museums properly understood their role as preservers of heritage items, mementoes continued to be taken from the flag in the early part of the 20th Century. The Eureka Flag was conserved and placed on display in the 1970s before being formally gifted by the King family in 2002.[Art Gallery of Ballarat] Commercial travellers were known as the ‘Knights of the Road’ and ‘bearers of civilization’ during the 19th century. By 1914, when its grand new clubhouse was built in Flinders Street, the Commercial Travellers’ Association was a powerful organisation with more than 4,000 members in Victoria. The new club boasted one of the city’s first revolving front doors, and was graced with an impressive vestibule comprising eight white columns that soared two floors over an intricately laid tessellated tile floor. In May, 1920 Captain Albert Jacka, VC stood in the vestibule at the head of a Guard of Honour comprising 100 commercial traveller diggers to greet the Prince of Wales. The club building is now the Rendezvous Hotel, and the vestibule is largely as it was. The Commercial Travellers’ Association grand dining room occupied most of the second floor of the building. Members dined in the conservative elegance of a vast hall handsomely ornamented with blackwood timber paneling and Ionic style columns, under a ceiling of deeply recessed, decorative plaster panels. Large round-headed windows interspersed with paintings by Australian Masters followed the perimeter of the room. Convivial round tables and ‘Vienna’ chairs indented with the ‘CTA’ monogram could seat 250 diners. Although on special occasions they accommodated many more.[Gallipoli Legend] The Commercial Travellers Association Building is of architectural significance as one of the finest and most distinct expressions of the Edwardian Baroque style in Melbourne. This grand classical non-domestic style, featuring a combination of Beaux Arts Classicism with a revival of English Baroque sources, was adopted as the style of choice for department stores and large commercial establishments in Melbourne in the first two decades of the 20th century. It was thus an eminently suitable style for the headquarters of the roving disciples of commerce, the Commercial Travellers Association. The building was the winning entry in a competition organised by the Association and judged by the well-respected Percy Oakden, an indication of the high regard in which the building was held by Tompkins' architect peers. The Commercial Travellers Association Building is of architectural significance as one of the most impressive works of Harry Tompkins. Tompkins was one of Melbourne?s best commercial architects during the first three decades of the 20th century. He had a long relationship with the Commercial Travellers Association and also with Sydney Myer, for whom he designed the first Myer building. The Commercial Travellers Association Building is of historical significance as evidence of the once important role played by commercial travellers in the commercial and social development of the State. In the late 19th century and early 20th century commercial travellers were a common site on the State's railways and roads, as they traversed the countryside displaying their wares. The Commercial Travellers Association of Victoria was formed in 1880 to seek improved working conditions, better hotels and higher quality roads for travelling salesmen. The substantial character of this building demonstrates the prominent role of commercial travellers at a time of relatively rudimentary communication, transport and distribution networks. It is also a reminder of Flinders Street's now-lost status as one of the city's major commercial thoroughfares. The building's proximity to Flinders Street Station reflected the reliance of the travellers on the rail network. The building ceased functioning as the Commercial Travellers Association club in 1976 and fell into disrepair before being restored as a hotel in the late 1990s. {Coincidently, the CTA Building now houses the Rendezvous Hotel, which my wife & I stayed at on a trip to Melbourne in 2010}.[Heritage Victoria, Walking Melbourne]

1.2. George Powell,[1,2,67] (s/o James Powell) born 10/3/1793, baptised 28/4/1793, St John's, Horsleydown, Southwark, Co Surrey, England.[100] Cowkeeper, 1818.[67] Grocer, 1821.[73] Milkman, 1845.[2] Married Anne[1,11,67] Spink/Spinks, 5/8/1815, St Leonards, Shoreditch, London, England.[5,150]

"George Powell & Anna Spinks, both single & of this parish, married in St Leonard, Shoreditch, by banns, 5/8/1815, by George Henderick, curate, witnesses were Mary Ann Skinner & George Limmings."[150]

Anne baptised 3/2/1793, Saint Saviour, Southwark, London, England.[6] Resided 1818, New Street {now Newburn Street}, Kennington, Lambeth district, Co Surrey, England.[67] {Now known as Newburn Street.[55]} Resided 1821, Kennington, Lambeth district, Co Surrey, England.[73] {At this stage have been unable to find George & Ann in the 1841 or 1851 censuses}

Children of George Powell and Ann Spinks:

*	i.		William George Powell,[1,7] born 31/3/1818,[1,8,67] Lambeth district, Co Surrey, England,[71] baptised 9/8/1818 St Mary's, Newington, Lambeth district, London, England,[1,11,67] by Rev. Arthur Cyril Onslow.[67]
*	ii.		Henry Joseph Powell,[10,14,15,19,20,24] born 1821, Lambeth, Co Surrey, England,[1,2,10,20] baptised 13/5/1821, St George The Martyr, Southwark, Co Surrey, England,[9,73] by Rev. C. A. Richardson, minister.[73]

St Leonards Shoreditch 1800s
Image - Our Past History

St Mary, Newington, 1820
Engraving - J. Edington (pub)

St George the Martyr
Photograph - London SE1

St Leonard's, Shoreditch is the ancient parish church of Shoreditch, often known simply as Shoreditch Church. It is located at the intersection of Shoreditch High Street with Hackney Road, within the London Borough of Hackney. The current building dates from about 1740. The original church is possibly Saxon in origin, though the first historical reference to it occurs in the 12th century. The church was situated near The Theatre, England's first purpose built playhouse, built in Shoreditch in 1576, and the nearly contemporary Curtain Theatre (built in 1577). In 1774, the Shoreditch Vestry levied a special poor rate for the purpose of setting up a workhouse for the parish of St Leonard's which highlights the level of poverty in the area at the time. Following the partial collapse of the tower in 1716 the medieval church was rebuilt in Palladian style built by George Dance in 1736 - 1740, with a soaring steeple 192 feet tall, an imitation of Christopher Wren's magnificent steeple on St Mary-le-Bow in Cheapside, and a giant four columned, pedimented Tuscan portico. Inside the church the entablature is supported by giant Doric columns. During its construction, the Church became the site of the first strike in the building trade. This came about because local builders refused to work for the low wages that were being offered, so Irish workers were brought in from outside the parish. This led to anti-Irish riots, and the militia had to be called out to disperse a mob of about 4,000. In 1817 it became the first church to be lit with gaslight, and in 1824 a local worthy named James Parkinson was interred in the yard. He was a doctor who was born, baptised, married and worked his entire life in the parish, and his name survives to this day because of his 'Treatise On The Shaking Palsy', an illness which is now known as Parkinson's Disease. The suburb of Shoreditch seems to have begun in late Saxon times, at the junction of two Roman roads leading to Bishopsgate. The earliest known reference is to 'Soerditch' in the mid twelfth century, and this may have meant a sewer. Originally a medieval foundation, probably associated with a nearby Priory, St Leonards Church grew up in an area that was to become famous for being the birthplace of the English theatre. It was close enough to the City for easy access, but outside the jurisdiction of the pious aldermen and sheriffs who viewed such displays of public entertainment with suspicion. Similar developments were taking place south of the Thames at Southwark. After the Priory had been dissolved, the first playhouse since Roman times was constructed in its grounds during 1576 by James Burbage. It was known simply as 'The Theatre', a name now used to describe all playhouses. When the lease for the land on which The Theatre stood expired and renewal was refused, the enterprising Burbage brothers dismantled their building and carried it to Southwark,where it was rebuilt as 'The Globe'.[Wikipedia, Our Past History] The church of the parish of St Mary, Newington, has had a rather distressed history. Little is known about the earlier mediaeval church, which stood on the west side of Newington Butts, which may have been on the site of the church in Walworth, mentioned in Domesday Book. In 1719 the church then standing was, except for the north aisle, which had been built in 1600, about 150 years old, and described as: "very small, built of Brick and Boulder, ... a double Roof covered with Tile, and the Walls with a rough Cast; the Windows are of a modern Gothick; the Floor is paved with Stone, the Body being one Step lower than the Chancel. Here are three Iles, and the Roof is supported with wooden Pillars, partly of the Tuscan Order, formed octogonally ... This Church contains 43 Foot in Length, 54 in Breadth, 22 in Heighth, and the Tower (wherein are five Bells) 44 Foot, but to the Top of the Turret near 60 Foot." In the 1710s one of the walls partially collapsed (during a service!) and the structure was found so to be much decayed that the church was entirely rebuilt. 75 years later {about 1790?} the church was in such a poor state that virtually the whole building was demolished.& rebuilt. The building was awkwardly sited, "a protuberance obtruding on the highway," and in 1876 it was demolished for the widening of Newington Butts. The new church, erected on the east side of Kennington Park Road was consecrated in 1876. The church was burnt out in an air raid in 1941, and was not rebuilt until after 1955, although it is now home to a healthy congregation.[Survey of London] St George the Martyr is named after Saint George. According to tradition the saint served as a soldier in the Roman Army and was killed on the orders of the emperor Diocletian in 303 for refusing to persecute Christians and confessing to his own Christianity. The earliest reference to this church is in the Annals of Bermondsey Abbey, which claims that the church was given by Thomas de Ardern and Thomas his son in 1122. On Henry V's return from the battle of Agincourt in 1415 he was welcomed by the Aldermen of London on the steps of the church. The west tower dominates views along Borough High Street from both the north and south due to the curve in the street at this point, where it now meets Great Dover Street. Originally, a much narrower road to the south of the church called Church Street led into Kent Street (now renamed Tabard Street), the historic route to Dover. Due to the volume of traffic, Great Dover Street was cut through parallel to Kent Street as part of the road network enhancements associated with the new Westminster Bridge and London Bridge route improvements, in 1750. Tabard Street was subsequently extended through the churchyard on the north side of the church, leaving the church on an island site. The present church is believed to be the third on this site. There was a Norman church of unknown appearance. This was replaced at the end of the fourteenth century by a church with a bell tower. The church was rebuilt in a Classical style to the designs of John Price between 1734 and 1736. The red brick and Portland Stone structure of the church has suffered from considerable subsidence damage, and the nave was declared unsafe in 2000, although services continued in other parts of the building. In September 2005, St. George the Martyr received funding for repairs and refurbishments, which involve complete underpinning of the building, and the lowering of the floor levels in the crypt to create additional space. Subsequent archaeological investigations of the ground beneath the church found substantial Medieval and Roman structures. The church has strong associations with Charles Dickens, whose father was imprisoned for debt in the Marshalsea prison. The surviving wall of the prison adjoins the north side of the churchyard. Dickens himself lived nearby, in Lant Street, lodging in a house that belonged to the Vestry Clerk of St George's.[Wikipedia]

Southwark (foreground) & London, 1800
Etching - N. Whittock

London Cow Keeper, 1825
Painting - George Scharf

Cow Keeper Delivery Cart
Photograph - Charles Routledge

Cow keeper. In the mid 1800s, the growth of the mill-towns and factories meant that many more people were living in urban streets instead of villages. With England's poor roads and milk being a staple of even the poorest diet, there was the need to deliver fresh milk to the towns & cities. With transport from the country impossible in most cases, the trade of the urban dairy farmer or 'cow keeper' was born. In the 1700s most of the land south of the Thames was marshy and undrained and, apart from Southwark and the Borough, only the river-side itself was built up. But the marshy ground was good enough for cows and the common land called St George’s Fields at Southwark was the centre for the south-of-the-river cowkeepers. The 1825 painting by George Scharf of a London cow keeper (above) gives a glimpse of the life of a city cow keeper. The shop is apparently the ground floor of his house. You can see the cows in their well-ventilated stalls at the back, a customer at the side window, and a lad pulling hay feed down into the cellar store (at the front). As well as a picture of a healthy-looking cow, the window display dairy produce and a shelf of glass pots and jars, possibly containing honey, jams, tea, sugar or confectionary. The cowman is topping up the churn with milk and a scruffy dog is licking up the spills. In 19th century England the urban dairy-man typically had a small herd, often in a cowshed in the back yard. He might have a milk delivery round but usually the customers came to him. Replacement cows arrived regularly, often from a farm outside the city owned by the cow-keeper or his family. {Being based in Lambeth George Powell almost certainly had a farm. Whether he also had a shop-dairy is unknown, although note that his brother, Robert Neptune Powell, owned several properties in urban Lambeth} In 1700 there were half a million Londoners willing to drink their daily glass of milk, and most of the cow-keepers were in fields on the outskirts of town. One woman can only milk eight or nine cows twice a day, so each cow-keeper either had a large staff or had contracts with a number of milk-dealers who at 3am would trundle noisily out with their carts, churns and milk-maids, milk their allocated cows, and trundle back to their local customers. In a 1794 Survey of Middlesex, conducted for the Board of Agriculture, there were estimated to be 8,500 cows serving the needs of London, then with a population of around one million. This total included 619 cows in the area of Lambeth, Kennington, Cold Harbour, Peckham, Newington & Camberwell. While figures for production and comsumption in the early 1800s are somewhat vague, estimates have suggested that this number of cows would have barely met the demand, possibly with a considerable shortfall. The usual solution was for milk-dealers to dilute the milk. Milk is largely water, so adding a bit more would have seemed the obvious thing. On the farm, the cow-keeper provided a pump for cleaning and watering his cattle, and the milk-sellers who came to milk the cows might use this - jokingly known as the 'black cow' - to dilute the milk immediately. However, if the dealers had any distance to travel, it made more sense to wait until they had carried the milk home, which meant that the water came from domestic wells which could be too close to the nearby cess-pits and open drains of the crowded streets. Cholera was a common consequence. Another way of cheating was to skim the cream off first (illegally, and sell it separately) which meant that the resulting milk was even thinner. The scandal of milk dilution was so well-known that Charles Dickens wrote a short story "The Cow With the Iron Tail" in which the local blackmailing barber calculates the dilemma of demand-vs-supply: given a population of two million drinking ½ pint each and a cow producing 10 quarts a day then it would need 50,000 cows to meet the demand, but there are only 20,000. The barber threatens to expose the meek dairyman, accusing him of diluting the milk by adding sometimes a pint and a half of water to every two pints of milk, then adding pulverised calves brains to give it the thickness it has lost, and restore its colour. Adding sheeps; brains was a fairly well known trick, as was adding snails to the churns so that the bubbles they produced gave the milk a freshly-poured appearance. One factor which is hard to comprehend now is just how expensive cows were. In the mid 18th century, when a London craftsman was fortunate to earn £40 a year and labourers got about £25, a milch-cow cost £18. In relative terms the cow-keeper had to find a huge amount of capital to populate his cow-stalls. While herds of up to 100 were not unusual in the late 1700s, a typical herd would have numbered between 30-50 cows. That would represent an investment of between £540-900, a considerable sum at the time. (about 60 years income for a labourer!). Good milkers were kept for five, maybe up to seven years, then fattened up and sold off. At the sale, a careful cowkeeper would aim to get between 80% and 90% of the price he originally paid. Many cow-keepers kept stock other than milch-cows. Store pigs - weaned but requiring further feeding before slaughter provided a steady subsidiary income for the cow-keeper and his family. Some cow keepers kept asses and goats and most had a surprising number of horses. One rich cow-keeper kept peacocks and fancy hen breeds, and their theft hit the newspapers. A 1778 bankruptcy auction of a London cow keeper gives an indication of what a cow keeper's assest may have included: "32 fine young milch cows, a bull, six strong cart geldings, a ditto mare, a remarkable good brown poney, a genteel one-horse chaise, painted yellow, on gilt springs, and harness compleat; two large, valuable, strong, blue painted waggons, with iron arms, six-inch shod wheels, double shafts, ladders, & c. compleat; a large strong grain cart, two close-bodies carts with iron arms, and two slop ditto, all with ditto wheels ; a one-horse cart, two ditto bodies, oak spokes, beech fellies [felloes? =rims], a quantity of ash and other stuff, cart cops, and ladders, a large quantity of brick earth, some breese, rough dust, gravel, dung, about ten loads of hay, & c. On the first day will be sold, all the genteel, neat and genuine Mahogany and other Household Furniture, plate, linen, china, an eight-day clock, bright range, jack, pewter, and various other effects." Those cow keepers who also had a farm on the outskirts of London typically had a farm of between 6-100 acres in size, the following advert would have been typical: "Grove Farm, in the parish of Kingsbury, near Edgeware, Middlesex, a Much improved Leasehold Farm, in excellent condition, situate at the Hyde, in the parish of Hendon, with the present growing crop; consisting of eight acres of wheat, and six of turnips, the remainder [unspecified acreage] in order for Lent corn. The farm would suit a London cow-keeper, being fine turnip land, and lying close to the road, five miles and a half from town. At the same time will be sold a stack of hay well got in, containing about 75 load; a bay of rowen [= 2nd crop of hay], several hundred load of dung, four shod-wheel carts and harness, six young strong draft horses, a cow and calf, two coppers, brewing utensils, and some household furniture." According to the 1798 Board of Agriculture report: "Cow-keepers normally kept the Holderness short-horned cows, because of their high milk yield and leaner meat. Cows were bought at the age of 3 or 4, in calf, at a price (1798) of 20 guineas each. The average yield was 9 quarts a day, equal to 3,285 quarts per annum (less 85 for the new calf), giving (at 17d) £28 6s 8d from milk & £1 3s 4d from the sale of the 3-day-old calf, that is £29 10s income per cow per year. Feedstuff cost £18 per cow per year, leaving £11 per cow per year to cover replacements, losses, waggons, rent, wages, and profit. The price paid by milk dealers for eight quarts varied from 16d if they had to travel 2-3 miles, to 18d close to town, but they sold at 4d a quart. Cows were kept for four to seven years, then fattened (every farmer had his own secret recipe) and sold to the butcher. Overheads also included one bull for every 30 cows, and one cowman for every 60 cows." {George's brother, Robert Neptune, had a cowdriver (cowman?) living with him in 1851 suggesting he had a herd of about 60 cows}.[Cowkeepers in the 17th and 18th Centuries]

1.2.1. William George Powell,[1,7] (s/o George Powell, s/o James Powell) born 31/3/1818,[1,8,67] Lambeth district, Co Surrey, England,[71] baptised 9/8/1818 St Mary's, Newington, Lambeth district, London, England,[1,11,67] by Rev. Arthur Cyril Onslow.[67] {According to [1] was born Cardiff, Wales, but this conflicts with primary sources} Died 16/11/1887, Clarendon, South Australia (69yo).[1,8,78] Buried 20/11/1887, Section Old, plot 38, Clarendon-Kangarilla Cemetery, Clarendon, South Australia.[78] Carman, 1842.[66] Chaff cutter, 1850,1851.[66,71] Dairyman, 1854.[77] Wheelwright & farmer, 1860.[1,66]

"Fire.— An inquest was held on Monday by Mr. J. Partridge, J.P., at Mr. Mathews's residence, Chandler's Hill, respecting a fire which occurred near there on January 26, on land in the occupation of Mr. W. G. Powell. The family had lighted a fire near water in the gully while washing on the day before, and cleared a space by burning. They poured several buckets of water before leaving the fire in the evening, and believed it was quite put out, but next morning Mr. Powell found a fire about 30 yards distant from the original one, and before they could be got under the flames destroyed 10 or 12 acres of grass in his section adjoining. There was not sufficient evidence to connect any one with the fire which broke out on Friday, and the Jury by a majority of 12 returned the verdict, 'That the fire originated by the act of some person unknown.' The other two Jurymen were of opinion that there was no evidence to show how the fire originated.(SA Register 9/2/1872)"[151]

Married Caroline Elliott, 24/7/1842, St Mark's, Kennington, London, Co Surrey, England.[1,66,68] {[66] gives place of marriage as Kensington, London, presumably an error as Kensington is not in the Lambeth district where the marriage was registered, whilst Kennington is in the Lambeth district} Caroline, d/o William,[1,13] & Betty, born 1822,[1,8,70] Lambeth district, Co Surrey, England,[71] baptised 20/11/1822, St Martin In The Fields, Westminster, London, England,[13,208] died 15/9/1906, McLaren Flat, Morphett Vale, South Australia (85yo).[1,8,78] & buried 19/9/1906, Section Old, plot 37, Clarendon-Kangarilla Cemetery, Clarendon, South Australia.[78]

"The friends of the late Mrs Caroline Powell are informed that her remains will be removed from Mr H Powell's, McLaren vale, at 12 noon on Wednesday for the Clarendon Cemetery. - D Tester, Undertaker, Kangarilla.(Advertiser 18/9/1906)"[152]

Emigrated to South Australia on the "Nugget", departed Southampton, 21/1/1858 & arrived Port Adelaide, South Australia, 3/4/1858.[1,58,66,203] (William George 39yo, Caroline 36yo, Mary 12yo, Elizabeth 9yo, George William 8yo, William George 7yo, Robert Neptune 6yo, James J 4yo, Henry Joseph 1yo.[58,203]) Caroline resided, 1841, Kennington 2nd, Lambeth district, Co Surrey, England (20yo).[69] Resided 1842, Vauxhall Street, Kennington, Co Surrey, England.[66] {Present day Vauxhall Street also includes what was formerly known as Barrett St prior to 1900.[55]} Resided 1846, 1848, 1849, Lambeth district Co Surrey, England.[68] Resided 1850, No.81 New Street (off Princes Road), Kennington, Co Surrey, England.[66] {Now known as Newburn Street.[55] Newburn & Vauxhall Streets intersect & it is possible William lived at the intersection of the two streets} Resided, 1851, No.3 Wilds Buildings, Kennington 1st, Lambeth district, Co Surrey, England.[70,71] (William 33yo, Catherine {sic} 30yo, Mary 5yo, Elizabeth 3yo, William 2yo, George 9mo.[70,71]) {Resided 1846-1851, Rotten Row,[1,30,31,66] Lambeth district Co Surrey, England.[68] The location of Rotten Row is unknown. The only Rotten Row in London in the 1800s appears to have been a street bordering Hyde Park, which is definitely not in the Lambeth district. I have seen no primary evidence for the name and, if correct, may be the name of a block of terraces rather than an actual street name. Note that at the same time secondary sources state the family resided at Rotten Row, the census record for that year indicates they were living in Kennington, Lambeth district} Resided 1853, Clapham,[1,30,31,66] Lambeth district, Co Surrey, England.[68] Resided 1854, Clapham,[1,7,30,31,66,77] Wandsworth district, Co Surrey, England.[68] Resided 1858, Adelaide, South Australia.[14,30,31] Resided 1860, 1861, 1864, 1887, 1906, Clarendon, South Australia.[1,8,14,30,31]

Children of William George Powell & Caroline Elliott:

Mary 'Polly' Powell, born 25/3/1846,[1,30,31,65,66,68,70,77] Rotten Row,[30,31,66] Lambeth district Co Surrey, England.[68,71] Baptised 4/11/1855, Holy Trinity, Clapham, Co Surrey, England,[65,77] by Rev. F. F. Mazuchelli.[77] Died 18/8/1933, Broken Hill, NSW, Australia.[22,66,127] Buried General Section I, plot 185, Broken Hill Cemetery, NSW, Australia (87yo).[127] Resided, 1851, with parents, Kennington 1st, Lambeth district, Co Surrey, England (5yo).[70] Married John Elsegood, 15/5/1867, St Luke's, Adelaide, South Australia.[27,31] John, s/o Thomas & Esther,[22] born 27/2/1840, Co Norfolk, England,[66] & died 1900, Broken Hill, NSW, Australia.[22] Married 2nd Frederick C. Bletchley, 1902, Broken Hill, NSW, Australia.[22,66] Moved to Broken Hill, NSW, Australia 1888.[66]

"F. C. Bletchley, licensee of the Family Hotel, was to-day fined £3 and costs for permitting a man to be on the premises during prohibited hours.(Advertiser 11/12/1906)"[153]
"Fined for Sunday Trading. F. C. Bletchley, licensee of the Family Hotel, was to-day fined 20/ and costs at the Police Court for having allowed persons on his premises on Sunday. James A. Hyman, licensee of the Pig and Whistle Hotel, for having similarly offended was fined £5 and costs. Both the defendants pleaded not guilty.(Advertiser 29/1/1907)"[153]
"Breaches of the Licensing Act. Proceedings Against Broken Hill Publicans. Broken Hill, February, 20. In the Licensing Court to-day Edward Henry Mitchell, the licensee of Tatt's Hotel, was called upon to show cause why bis license should not be cancelled for successive breaches of the Liquor Act. The case was dismissed, the counsel for the defendant contending that the information had not been laid within a month of the last conviction. Charles Webster, the licensee of the Centennial Hotel, was similarly called upon. After lengthy arguments regarding, the discretionary powere of the licensing inspector the case was adjourned for a fort-night. Similar cases against Charles Kite, of the Athletic Club Hotel, Frederick C. Bletchley, of the Family Hotel, Florence Jonas, of the Oxford Hotel, were also adjourned for 14 days.(Advertiser 21/2/1907)"[153]

Children: (a)

Mary Jane Elsegood, born 15/8/1867, Clarenden, South Australia.[14] Died 31/8/1949, Kensington Park, Adelaide, South Australia (82yo).[60] Married George Williams, 30/6/1891, Broken Hill, NSW, Australia.[22,66] George born 1866, Wrexham, Wales.[66]

Children: (1)		Elizabeth Williams, born 30/3/1893, Goodwood, South Australia.[14]
(2)		Gwendoline Williams, born 16/8/1894, Goodwood, South Australia.[14]
(3)		Katie Emma Williams, born 21/6/1896, Hyde Park, South Australia.[14]
(4)		Llewellyn Owen Williams, born 7/1/1901, St Michaels, Norwood, South Australia.[14]
(5)		Watkin Wynne Williams, born 7/1/1901, St Michaels, Norwood, South Australia.[14]

(b)

Amelia Elsegood, born 11/11/1868, Clarenden, South Australia.[14] Died 10/4/1870, Clarenden, South Australia (1yo).[8]

(c)

Esther Ellen Elsegood, born 4/7/1870, Belair, South Australia.[14] Died 21/8/1962, Malvern, Adelaide, South Australia (92yo).[60] Married William James Daw, 4/7/1889, Broken Hill, NSW, Australia.[22,66] William, s/o George & Florrie, died 1899, Broken Hill, NSW, Australia.[22]

Children: (1)		Florence Amelia Daw, born 1890, Broken Hill, NSW, Australia.[22,66] Married Waldermar D. W. Wilson, 1911, Broken Hill, NSW, Australia.[22]
(2)		Evelyn Rita Daw, born 1895, Broken Hill, NSW, Australia.[22,66] Married Julian H. Uhe, 1917, Broken Hill, NSW, Australia.[22]
(3)		Frederick William Daw, born 1899, Broken Hill, NSW, Australia.[22,66] Died 19/10/1900, Broken Hill, NSW, Australia.[22,127] Buried General Section Gene I, plot 186, Broken Hill Cemetery, NSW, Australia (1yo).[127]

(d)

Caroline Elliott Elsegood, born 9/5/1872, Coromandel Valley, South Australia.[14] Died 18/2/1942, Adelaide, South Australia (69yo).[60] Married William Henry Delbridge, 30/7/1896, Broken Hill, NSW, Australia.[22,66] William born 11/8/1857,[66] & died 28/6/1939, Adelaide, South Australia (73yo).[60]

Children: (1)		Arthur Delbridge, born 1898, Broken Hill, NSW, Australia.[22] Died 24/2/1976, Broken Hill, NSW, Australia (78yo).[127] Buried Anglican Section ZA, row 15, plot 25, Broken Hill Cemetery, NSW, Australia.[127] Married Adelaide Susannah Smith, 1924, Broken Hill, NSW, Australia.[22] Adelaide died 25/5/1976, Broken Hill, NSW, Australia (80yo) & buried with her husband.[127]
(2)		Mary Jane Delbridge, born 1899, Broken Hill, NSW, Australia.[22] Married John T. Jackaman, 1921, Broken Hill, NSW, Australia.[22]
(3)		Cyril John Delbridge, born 1900, Broken Hill, NSW, Australia.[22] Died 2/1/1960, Frome Downs Station, South Australia (58yo).[60] Married Violet Flack, 1920, Broken Hill, NSW, Australia.[22]
(4)		Thomas Henry Delbridge,[66] born 1904, Broken Hill, NSW, Australia.[22] Died 26/9/1976, Broken Hill, NSW, Australia (72yo).[127] Buried 29/9/1976, Methodist Section M4, row Z8, plot 9, Broken Hill Cemetery, NSW, Australia.[127] Married Gwenith M. A. Rogers, 1928, Broken Hill, NSW, Australia.[22]
(5)		Caroline L. Delbridge, born 1907, Broken Hill, NSW, Australia.[22] Died 18/7/1910, Broken Hill, NSW, Australia.[22] Buried Methodist Section M5, row 38, plot 46, Broken Hill Cemetery, NSW, Australia (3yo).[127]
(6)		Esther E. Delbrige, born 1910, Broken Hill, NSW, Australia.[22] Married Rowland A. Gardiner, 1927, Broken Hill, NSW, Australia.[22]
(7)		Harry Cornelius Delbridge,[66] born 1912, Broken Hill, NSW, Australia.[22] Married Jessie D. Ryan, 1933, Broken Hill, NSW, Australia.[22]
(8)		Anthony Delbridge, born 1914, Broken Hill, NSW, Australia.[22] Married Irene May Howse, 1938, Broken Hill, NSW, Australia.[22]

(e)

Israel Elsegood, born 8/12/1873, Wallaroo, South Australia.[14] Died 28/1/1875, Wallaroo, South Australia (14mo).[8]

(f)

William Thomas Elsegood, born 8/10/1876, Clarenden, South Australia.[14] Died 26/8/1962, Broken Hill, NSW, Australia.[22,66,127] Buried 28/8/1962, Methodist Section OB, row 15, plot 1, Broken Hill Cemetery, NSW, Australia (85yo).[127] Married Jessie Marion Sanfead, 1922, Broken Hill, NSW, Australia.[22] Jessie, d/o Joseph & Mary, died 17/6/1969, Broken Hill, NSW, Australia,[22,127] & buried with her husband (95yo).[127]

(g)

Arthur John Elsegood, born 24/1/1879, Clarenden, South Australia.[14] Died 4/6/1921, Boulder, Kalgoorlie, Western Australia.[62,66] Married Matilda Warburton, 1904, Boulder, Western Australia.[62] Matilda born 4/1/1882, Adelaide, South Australia.[66]

Children: (1)		Arthur John Elsegood, born 25/2/1906, Boulder, Western Australia.[62,66] Died 1927, Boulder, Western Australia.[62]
(2)		Frederick Charles Elsegood, born 29/12/1908, Boulder, Western Australia.[62,66] Died 1909, Boulder, Western Australia.[62]
(3)		Horace Henry Elsegood, born 14/9/1909, Boulder, Western Australia.[62,66]
(4)		Gracie Evelyn Elsegood, born 6/7/1915, Boulder, Western Australia.[62,66]

(h)

Frederic Charles Elsegood, born 24/1/1879, Clarenden, South Australia.[14] Died 11/3/1943, Kinscote South Australia (85yo).[60] Married Olive Mabel Blythman, 25/7/1914, Methodist Church, Halifax Street, Adelaide, South Australia.[27] Both single.[27] Olive, d/o Thomas, born 1890,[27] died 24/1/1964, Kingscote, South Australia (74yo).[60] Resided 1943, MacGillivray, South Australia.[60] Resided 1964, Kingscote, South Australia.[60]

Children: (1)		John Elsegood, born 7/4/1915, Head of MacGillivray, Kangaroo Island, South Australia.[61,66]
(2)		Rita Doreen Elsegood, born 14/8/1917, Edwardstown, Kangaroo Island, South Australia.[61,66]
(3)		Frederick Charles Elsegood, born 30/6/1919, MacGillivray, Kangaroo Island, South Australia.[61,66]
(4)		Priscilla Mary Elsegood, born 12/3/1921, MacGillivray, Kangaroo Island, South Australia.[61,66]
(5)		Grace Elsegood, born 28/4/1923, Kingscote, Kangaroo Island, South Australia.[61,66]
(6)		Olive Elsegood, born 2/12/1924, Kingscote, Kangaroo Island, South Australia.[61,66]
(7)		Joyce Elsegood, born 22/9/1928, Edwardstown, Kangaroo Island, South Australia.[61,66]
(8)		Mabel Elsegood, born Kangaroo Island, South Australia.[66]

(i)

John Elsegood, born 28/2/1881, Clarenden, South Australia.[14] Died 23/7/1956, Exeter, South Australia (75yo).[60] Married Mary Elizabeth Baldwin, 18/6/1906, Beryl Street Methodist Church, Broken Hill, NSW, Australia.[22,66] Mary born 1855, London, England.[66]

Children: (1)		Iris Elsegood.[66]
(2)		Minetta Alice Elsegood.[66]
(3)		Mary Elizabeth Elsegood.[66]

(j)

Thomas Pendel Elsegood, born 20/9/1882, Clarenden, South Australia.[14] Died 10/4/1925, Broken Hill, NSW, Australia.[22,66] Buried 11/4/1925, Methodist Section M4, row Z8, plot 9, Broken Hill Cemetery, NSW, Australia (42yo).[127] Married Charlotte Elizabeth Ramsay, 4/8/1909, Nickols Street Methodist Church, Broken Hill, NSW, Australia.[22,66] Charlotte born 21/7/1884, Peterborough, South Australia.[66]

Children: (1)		Thomas Melville Elsegood, born 22/5/1910, Broken Hill, NSW, Australia.[22,66] Married Averil Catherine Pope, 7/12/1935, St Cuthbert's, Prospect, South Australia.[27] Both single.[27] Averil, d/o William Alfred Pope, born 1912.[27]
(2)		Annie Evelyn Elsegood, born 28/10/1911, Broken Hill, NSW, Australia.[22,66] Married Robin Gray, 8/4/1934, Methodist Church, West Hindmarsh, South Australia.[27] Both single.[27] Robin, s/o Robert, born 1906.[27]
(3)		Ronald Harold Elsegood, born 28/1/1914, Broken Hill, NSW, Australia.[22,66] Died 8/11/1969, St Marys, Adelaide, South Australia (55yo).[60] Married Evelyn May.[60]
(4)		Robert Leonard Elsegood, born 15/4/1920, Broken Hill, NSW, Australia.[66]

(k)

David Henry Elsegood, born 19/4/1883, Clarenden, South Australia.[14] Died 21/12/1928, Adelaide, South Australia (43yo).[60] Married Myrtle Agnes[60] Scott, 1908, Broken Hill, NSW, Australia.[22] Myrtle died 9/8/1954, Largs North, Port Adelaide, South Australia (65yo).[60] Resided 1908, 1909, 1910, 1912, 1916, Broken Hill, NSW, Australia.[22] Resided 1928, 1954, Semaphore, South Australia.[60]

Children: (1)		Frederick William Elsegood, born 10/6/1909, Broken Hill, NSW, Australia.[22,66] Died 10/10/1909, Broken Hill, NSW, Australia.[22,127] Buried General Section O, plot 59, Broken Hill Cemetery, NSW, Australia (4mo).[127]
(2)		William J. Elsegood, born 7/8/1910, Broken Hill, NSW, Australia.[22,66] Died 26/8/1910, Broken Hill, NSW, Australia.[22,127] Buried General Section O, plot 62, Broken Hill Cemetery, NSW, Australia (2mo).[127]
(3)		Clarice May Elsegood, born 1912, Broken Hill, NSW, Australia.[22] Married Malcolm Walter Florence, 2/5/1936, Methodist Church, Glenelg, Adelaide, South Australia.[27] Both single.[27] Malcolm, s/o Walter Thomas Florence, born 1913.[27]
(4)		Alan D. Elsegood, born 1916, Broken Hill, NSW, Australia.[22]
(5)		Frederick Arthur Elsegood, born 4/12/1921, Semaphore, South Australia.[61]

(l)

Harry Cornelius Elsegood, born 13/4/1887, Clarenden, South Australia.[14] Died 27/9/1947, Broken Hill, NSW, Australia.[22,66,127] Buried 30/9/1947, Methodist Section Rakow, row 10, plot 6, Broken Hill Cemetery, NSW, Australia (60yo).[127] Married Sarah Anne Veronica Butler, 26/2/1917, Bishops House, Petersburg, South Australia.[27] Both single.[27] Sarah, d/o John Patrick & Sarah Anne Butler, born 1887,[22,27] died 23/7/1974, Broken Hill, NSW, Australia,[22,127] & buried with her husband (87yo).[127]

Children: (1)		Medora Mary Elsegood, born 14/5/1918, Broken Hill, NSW, Australia.[22,66] Married Harold John Scott, 1940, Broken Hill, NSW, Australia.[22]
(2)		John Cornelius Elsegood, born 24/4/1922, Albert Park, Port Adelaide, South Australia.[61]
(3)		Rosemary Elsegood, born Broken Hill, NSW, Australia.[66]

(m)

Harold Elsegood, born 1889, Broken Hill, NSW, Australia.[66] Died 1890, Broken Hill, NSW, Australia.[66]

(n)

Cyril G. Elsegood, born 1891, Broken Hill, NSW, Australia.[22] Died 1893, Broken Hill, NSW, Australia.[22]

ii.

Elizabeth Powell, born 7/3/1848,[1,30,31,65,66,68,70,77] Rotten Row,[30,31,66] Lambeth district Co Surrey, England.[68,71] Baptised 4/11/1855, Holy Trinity, Clapham, Co Surrey, England,[65,77] by Rev. F. F. Mazuchelli.[77] Died 29/5/1918, Peterborough, South Australia (70yo).[60] Resided, 1851, with parents, Kennington 1st, Lambeth district, Co Surrey, England (3yo).[70] Married Henry Schnaars, 16/4/1866, St James, Blakiston, South Australia.[27] Henry, s/o John Henry Schnaazs, born 1839,[27,60] died 5/4/1924, Jamestown, South Australia (86yo).[60] Henry married 2nd Mary Clark, 21/1/1921, Jamestown, South Australia.[27] Resided 1894, 1904, Oodlawirra, South Australia.[27]

Children: (a)

John Henry Schnars, born 11/10/1866, near Hahndorf, South Australia.[14] Died 10/12/1917, Adelaide, South Australia (52yo).[60] Married Maud Mary F. Maloney, 1904, Broken Hill, NSW, Australia.[22] Mary died 14/10/1930, Rosewater, South Australia (73yo).[60] Resided 1917, Broken Hill, NSW, Australia.[60]

Children: (1)		Adeline E. Schnaars, born 1904, South Broken Hill, NSW, Australia.[22]
(2)		David H. Schnaars, born 1906, South Broken Hill, NSW, Australia.[22]
(3)		Beatrice M. Schnaars, born 1908, Broken Hill, NSW, Australia.[22]
(4)		Lily Schnaars, born 1910, Broken Hill, NSW, Australia.[22]
(5)		Charles E. Schnaars, born 1911, Broken Hill, NSW, Australia.[22]
(6)		Albert G. Schnaars, born 1913, Broken Hill, NSW, Australia.[22]
(7)		Grace H. Schnaars, born 1916, Broken Hill, NSW, Australia.[22] Died 1918, Broken Hill, NSW, Australia.[22]
(8)		Phyllis D./L. Schnaars, born 1918, Broken Hill, NSW, Australia.[22] Died 1919, Broken Hill, NSW, Australia.[22]

(b)

William Schnaars, born 4/3/1868, Peters Hill, South Australia.[14] Married Augusta Annie Launer, 30/5/1894, Oodlawirra, South Australia.[27] Marriage was at William's father's resided, Henry Schnaars.[27] Both single.[27] Augusta, d/o John Frederick William Launer, born 1873,[27] died 25/3/1929, Pinnaroo, South Australia (56yo).[60] Resided 1929, Nygallo, Victoria, Australia.[60]

Children: (1)		Herbert Albert Schnaars, born 23/4/1894, Oodlawirra, South Australia.[14] Died 24/11/1967, Mallala, South Australia (73yo).[60] Married Dina Susanna Bormann, 5/6/1916, Lutheran Church, Palmer, South Australia.[27] Dina died 1/4/1928, Mannum, South Australia (31yo).[60] Resided 1967, Murray Bridge, South Australia.[60]
(2)		Annie Elizabeth Emma Schnaars, born 28/8/1895, Petersburg, South Australia.[14]

(c)

Caroline Schnaars, born 25/7/1869, near Bagots Well, South Australia.[14,223] Died 7/2/1942, Port Pirie West, South Australia (54yo).[60] Married William Henry Warner,[223] 18/12/1889, Wesleyan Parsonage, Peterborough, South Australia.[27] Both single.[27] William, s/o Joseph Warner, born 1868.[27]

Children: (1)		Elizabeth Matilda Warner, born 22/9/1890, Oodlawirra, South Australia.[14]
(2)		William Henry Warner Jr., born 8/7/1892, Oodlawirra, South Australia.[14]
(3)		James Thomas Warner, born 25/11/1894, Oodlawirra, South Australia.[14]
(4)		Robert Arthur Warner, born 1/9/1897, Oodlawirra, South Australia.[14]
(5)		Caroline Jane Warner, born 27/1/1900, Oodlawirra, South Australia.[14]
(6)		Frederick George Warner, born 28/1/1903, Oodlawirra, South Australia.[14]
(7)		Rachel May Warner, born 18/6/1907, Oddlawirra, South Australia.[223] Died 4/5/1988.[223] Married Cyril Edward Rontaunay, 15/3/1925, Port Pirie South Australia.[223] Cyril born 9/6/1905 & died 19/2/1964.[223] Had issue: Gerald Lewis, Phyllis Jean, Kevin Edward, Myra Dawn & Carol Jean.[223]
(8)		Herbert Alfred Warner, born 2/4/1911, Petersberg, South Australia.[223] Died 18/8/1955.[223] Married Muriel Charlotte Howell, 13/2/1934.[223] Married 2nd Mabel Edith Rau.[223]
(9)		Sydney Charles Warner, born 5/4/1915, Port Pirie, South Australia.[223] Died 17/11/1965.[223] Married Barbara Florence Lemm.[223]

(d)

George Schnaars, born 22/10/1871, Hahndorf, South Australia.[14]

(e)

Elizabeth Schnaars, born 31/10/1872, Hahndorf, South Australia.[14] Died 26/10/1938, Port Pirie West, South Australia (65yo).[60] Married Charles Baldwin, 17/12/1890, Wesleyan Church, Peterborough, South Australia.[27] Both single.[27] Charles, s/o James Baldwin, born 1864.[27]

Children: (1)		Charles Henry Baldwin, born 3/12/1891, Petersburg, South Australia.[14]
(2)		May Baldwin, born 18/5/1893, Head of Yongala, South Australia.[14]
(3)		William James Baldwin, born 29/12/1894, Head of Yongala, South Australia.[14]
(4)		Thomas Edward Baldwin, born 12/9/1896, Oodla Wirra, South Australia.[14]
(5)		Agnes Baldwin, born 5/7/1900, Petersburg, South Australia.[14]
(6)		George Victor Baldwin, born 7/11/1904, Petersburg, South Australia.[14]

(f)

Robert Schnaars, born 12/2/1874, Hahndorf, South Australia.[14] Married Eliza Ann Rickard, 1897, Broken Hill, NSW, Australia.[22]

Children: (1)

Hazel Elvira Schnaars, born 21/3/1898, Carron Down, South Australia.[14]

(g)

James Schnaars, born 30/1/1876, Hahndorf, South Australia.[14] Married Martha M.[22]

Children: (1)		Norman T. Schnaars, born 1905, Broken Hill, NSW, Australia.[22]
(2)		Steven F. Schnaars, born 1908, Broken Hill, NSW, Australia.[22]

(h)

Arthur Schnaars, born 21/11/1878, Hahndorf, South Australia.[14] Died 18/11/1923, Port Pirie, South Australia (45yo).[60] Married Isabella Margaret Goodwin, 25/4/1905, Solomontown, South Australia.[27] Married at residence of Charles Goodwin, father.[27] Both single.[27] Isabella, d/o Charles, born 1880,[27] died 5/8/1941, Wallaroo, South Australia (61yo),[60,154] & buried Wallaroo Cemetery (5342:1).[154] Resided 1923, Crystal Brook, South Australia.[60]

Children: (1)		Dulcie Gwendolen Schnaars, born 23/8/1904, Solomon Town, South Australia.[14] Married Reuben Frank Venning, 10/10/1923, Methodist Manse, Crystal Brook, South Australia.[27]
(2)		Alma Schaars, born 31/12/1905, Solomontown, South Australia.[14]
(3)		Laurel Isabel Schnaars, born 1907, South Australia.[27] Married George Olive Dove, 2/5/1928, Central Methodist Mission, Port Pirie, South Australia.[27]
(4)		Vera Winifred Schnaars, born 1910, South Australia.[27] Married William David barnes, 16/2/1928, Methodist Manse, Gertrude Street, Port Pirie, South Australia.[27]
(5)		Arthur Roy Schnaars, born 1912, South Australia.[27] Married Ivy Mabel Hammond, 21/3/1936, Methodist Manse, Renmark, South Australia.[27]
(6)		Gladys May Schnaars, born 1916, South Australia.[27] Married Peter Henry Ross Lockett, 27/12/1927, Presbyterian Church, Gawler, South Australia.[27]

(i)

Mary Schanaars, born 16/2/1881, Banbury, near Hallett, South Australia.[14]

(j)

Samuel Schnaars, born 11/3/1883, Hallett, South Australia.[14] Married Edith Matilda Brooks, 1/1/1907, Peterborough, South Australia.[27] Marriage at residence of Charles Balwin.[27] Both single.[27] Edith, d/o William Richard Brooks, born 1885.[27]

Children: (1)

Elizabeth E. Schnaars, born 1907, Broken Hill, NSW, Australia.[22]

(k)

Ellen Schnaars, born 24/7/1885, Hallett, South Australia.[14] Died 27/1/1956, Semaphore, South Australia (70yo).[60] Married William Robert White, 28/3/1906, Methodist Church, Oodlawirra, South Australia.[27] Both single.[27] William, s/o William Amos White, born 1881.[27] Resided 1956, Ethelton, South Australia.[60]

(l)

Esther Schnaars, born 24/7/1885, Hallett, South Australia.[14] Married Henry Forster, 25/12/1904, Oodlawirra, South Australia.[27] Both single.[27] Marriage at residence of Henry Schnaars, father.[27] Henry, s/o Isaac, born 1865.[27]

Children: (1)

Annie Elizabeth Forster, born 13/6/1906, Petersburg, South Australia.[14]

(m)

Frederick Schnaars, born 24/8/1887, Petersburg, South Australia.[14] Died 17/3/1952, Northfield, Port Adelaide, South Australia (64yo).[60] Married Louisa P. Ballam, 1910, Broken Hill, NSW, Australia.[22] Resided 1952, Ovingham, South Australia.[60]

Children: (1)		Sylvia B. Schnaars, born 1911, Broken Hill, NSW, Australia.[22] Married Joseph Boston, 1934, Broken Hill, NSW, Australia.[22]
(2)		Iris E. Schnaars, born 1915, Broken Hill, NSW, Australia.[22]
(3)		Margaret Schnaars, born 1917, Broken Hill, NSW, Australia.[22]
(4)		William T. Schnaars, born 1919, Broken Hill, NSW, Australia.[22] Died 1919, Broken Hill, NSW, Australia.[22]

(n)

Adelaide May Schnaars, born 25/1/1890, Clarendon, South Australia.[14] Died 7/6/1976, Exeter, South Australia (77yo).[60] Married Ernest Charles Thompson, 20/3/1913, Clare, South Australia.[27] Marriage at residence of William Henry Warner.[27] Both single.[27] Ernest, s/o William, born 1890.[27]

(o)

Adline May Schnaars, born 25/1/1890, Clarendon, South Australia.[14]

(p)

Walter Schnaars, born 15/6/1892, Oodla Wirra, South Australia.[14]

iii.

William George Powell, born 30/3/1849,[1,30,31,65,66,68,70,77] Rotten Row,[30,31,66] Lambeth district Co Surrey, England.[68,71] Baptised 4/11/1855, Holy Trinity, Clapham, Co Surrey, England,[65,77] by Rev. F. F. Mazuchelli.[77] Resided, 1851, with parents, Kennington 1st, Lambeth district, Co Surrey, England (0yo).[70]

iv.

George William Powell, born 29/6/1850,[1,31,65,66,68,70,77] No.81 New Street (off Princes Road), Kennington,[66] Lambeth district, Co Surrey, England.[66,68,71] {Now known as Newburn Street.[55] Secondary sources [1,31,66] cite a DOB of 1851, however the registered year was 1850.[68] Since George appears in the 1851 census, taken 31/3/1851, it is impossible for him to have been born after that date} Baptised 4/11/1855, Holy Trinity, Clapham, Co Surrey, England,[65,77] by Rev. F. F. Mazuchelli.[77] Resided, 1851, with parents, Kennington 1st, Lambeth district, Co Surrey, England (0yo).[70]

Robert Neptune Powell,[22] born 29/10/1851,[1,30,31,65,66,68,77] Rotten Row,[1,30,31,66] Lambeth district Co Surrey, England.[68] Baptised 4/11/1855, Holy Trinity, Clapham, Co Surrey, England,[65,77] by Rev. F. F. Mazuchelli.[77]

vi.

James Thomas Templer Powell, born 8/5/1853,[1,30,31,65,66,68,77] Clapham,[1,30,31,66] Lambeth district, Co Surrey, England.[68] {Secondary sources [1,30,31,66] cite a DOB of 1854, however the registered year was 1853.[68]} Baptised 4/11/1855, Holy Trinity, Clapham, Co Surrey, England,[65,77] by Rev. F. F. Mazuchelli.[77]

vii.

Frederick Charles Powell, born 29/5/1854,[65,68,77] Clapham,[66] Wandsworth district, Co Surrey, England.[68] Baptised 4/11/1855, Holy Trinity, Clapham, Co Surrey, England,[65,77] by Rev. F. F. Mazuchelli.[77] Died June quarter, 1856, Wandsworth district, Co Surrey, England.[68]

viii.

Henry Joseph Powell, born 5/8/1856,[1,7,30,31,65,66,68] Clapham,[1,7,30,31,66] Wandsworth district, Co Surrey, England.[68] {Secondary sources [1,7,30,31,66] cite a DOB of 1857, however the registered year was 1856.[68]} Baptised 31/10/1857, Holy Trinity, Clapham, Co Surrey, England.[65]

ix.

Caroline Powell,[1] born 24/9/1858, Adelaide, South Australia.[14,30,31] Died 25/7/1922, McLaren Vale, South Australia (63yo).[60] Married Frederick Hermann Gross (Grohs), 8/7/1882, Baptist Church, Morphett Vale, South Australia.[27,31] Both single.[27] Frederick, s/o William, born 1859.[27] Frederick born 1859,[27] died 22/9/1920, McLaren Flat, South Australia (61yo).[60]

Children: (a)

Frederick Hermann Gross (Grohs), born 3/4/1883, McLaren Vale, South Australia.[14] Died 30/6/1965, Daw Park, Adelaide, South Australia (83yo).[60] Married Annie Ball, 28/6/1906, Willunga, South Australia.[27] Both single.[27] Marriage at residence of P. Elliott.[27] Annie, d/o Thomas, born 1887,[27] died 8/4/1942, Morphett Vale, South Australia (67yo).[60] Resided 1942, Morphett Vale, South Australia.[60] Resided 1965, St Marys, Adelaide, South Australia.[60]

Children: (1)		Ruby May Grohs, born 1907, South Australia.[27] Married Francis Leicester Ruge, 18/6/1932, St Paul's, Adelaide, South Australia.[27] Both single.[27] Francis, s/o Frederick Louis, born 1900.[27]
(2)		Ernest Ronald Grohs, born 1910, South Australia.[27] Married Mary Emma Rosenberg, 4/7/1936, Presbyterian Church, Goodwood, Adelaide, South Australia.[27] Both single.[27] Mary, d/o Frederick Joseph, born 1911.[27]

(b)

Caroline Gross, born 11/10/1884, McLaren Vale, South Australia.[14] Died 23/3/1916, McLaren Flat, South Australia (30yo).[60] Did not marry.[60]

(c)

Arthur William Gross,[210] born 13/9/1886, McLaren Vale, South Australia.[14] Married Florence Winifred Cameron,[210] 30/8/1911, Congregational Church, Victor Harbour, South Australia.[27] Both single.[27] Florence, d/o Robert, born 1889,[27] died 14/9/1919, Beulah Estate, Norwood, South Australia (30yo).[60] Married 2nd Dorothy Margaret Smith, 28/7/1926, Congregational Church, North Adelaide, South Australia.[27] Dorothy single.[27] Dorothy, d/o John Thomas, born 1896.[27] Arthur & his 2nd wife moved to Western Australia 1926/1927.[210]

Children: (1)

Adeline Daphne Gross.[210]

(d)

Ernest Alfred Gross, born 15/12/1888, McLaren Vale, South Australia.[14] Died 31/5/1943, Nailsworth, Adelaide, South Australia (54yo).[60] Married Hilda Elizabeth Clasohm, 1/11/1911, Methodist Church, West Mitcham, Adelaide, South Australia.[27] Both single.[27] Hilda, d/o John, born 1887.[27] Resided 1943, Enfield, Adelaide, South Australia.[60]

(e)

Annie Gross, born 17/3/1891, McLaren Vale, South Australia.[14] Married John Henry Furnell, 10/4/1920, Methodist Church, McLaren Flat, South Australia.[27] Both single.[27] John, s/o John Benjamin, born 1895.[27]

(f)

Bertha Gross, born 17/3/1891, McLaren Vale, South Australia.[14]

(g)

Walter Leonard Gross, born 20/10/1892, McLaren Vale, South Australia.[14] Died 15/6/1964, Daw Park, Adelaide, South Australia (71yo).[60] Married Gwendoline Williams, 20/5/1920, Methodist Church, Magill, South Australia.[27] Both single.[27] Gwendoline, d/o George, born 1897.[27] Resided 1964, Port Noarlunga, South Australia.[60]

(h)

Ethil Gross, born 17/8/1894, McLaren Vale, South Australia.[14] Died 5/6/1962, Nailsworth, Adelaide, South Australia (67yo).[60] Resided 1962, Morphett Vale, South Australia.[60]

(i)

Edith Gross, born 19/9/1895, McLaren Vale, South Australia.[14] Married Clarence Atkins, 6/6/1917, Salvation Army Officers Quarters, Adelaide South Australia.[27] Both single.[27] Clarence born 1889.[27]

(j)

Esther Gross, born 19/9/1895, McLaren Vale, South Australia.[14] Married Aubrey Clifford Chapman, 5/11/1913, Registry Office, Adelaide, South Australia.[27] Both single.[27] Aubrey, s/o Albert, born 1893.[27]

(k)

Louisa Ivy Gross, born 25/5/1899, McLaren Vale, South Australia.[14] Married Raymond Thomas Walding, 4/3/1933, Maughan Church, Adelaide, South Australia.[27] Both single.[27] Raymond, s/o Henry Thomas, born 1907.[27]

(l)

Sarah Dora Trixie Gross, born 8/3/1901, McLaren Flat, South Australia.[14] Married Gordon Theodore Lancelot Hobbs, 1/7/1925, Methodist Church, Mclaren Flat, South Australia.[27] Both single.[27] Gordon, s/o Eli, born 1897.[27]

Samuel Charles Powell,[1] born 13/5/1860, Clarendon, South Australia.[14,30,31] Died 2/6/1952, Frewville, South Australia (92yo).[60] Market gardener and teamster.[66] Retired, 1943.[211] Married Harriet Wray, 26/2/1884, 'BC' (?) Church, Clarendon, South Australia.[1,27] Both single.[27] Harriet, d/o Benjamin & Mary Wray, born 1854,[1,27] died 25/1/1920, Harrowgate, South Australia (66yo),[1,18,60,78] & buried plot 151D, Harrogate Cemetery, South Australia.[78] Married 2nd Louisa Amelia Wray, 1/9/1928, St Paul's, Adelaide, South Australia.[27] Both widowed.[27] Louisa, d/o August Kayser & Amelia Beecker, born 18/2/1864, Lyndoch, South Australia,[14,27] & died 10/6/1953, Toorak Gardens, South Australia (89yo).[60] Louisa employed in home duties, 1943.[211] Resided 1943, No.33 Main Avenue, Frewville, South Australia.[211] Resided 1953, Frewville, South Australia.[60]

Children: (a)		Ernest Samuel Powell, born 11/3/1888, Clarendon, South Australia.[14,30] Died 10/2/1961, Kensington Gardens, Adelaide, South Australia (72yo),[59,60] & buried Plot 1683, Path 24, Section general, Centennial Park, Pasadena, Adelaide, South Australia.[59] Labourer, 1939.[211] Married Lucy Theresa Sargent, 27/3/1920, St John's, Adelaide, South Australia.[27] Both single.[27] Lucy, d/o Richard Strong Sargent & Theresa Craythorn, born 4/6/1894, Naracoorte, South Australia,[14,27] & died 27/1/1922, Mannum, Adelaide, South Australia (27yo).[60] Married2nd Myrtle Carling, 8/12/1928, Maughan Church, Adelaide, South Australia.[27] Myrtle single.[27] Myrtle, d/o John Carling & Amelia Oakes, born 30/11/1892, Port Pirie, South Australia,[14,27] died 18/5/1971, Malvern, Adelaide, South Australia (79yo),[59,60] & buried with her husband, Centennial Park, Pasadena, Adelaide, South Australia.[59] Mytrle employed in home duties, 1939.[211] Resided 1939, No.64 Brigalow Avenue, Kenginston Gardens, Adelaide, South Australia.[211] Resided 1971, Kenginston Gardens, Adelaide, South Australia.[60]
(b)		Harold Charles Powell, born 9/11/1891, Clarendon, South Australia.[14,30] Died 26/1/1963, Mount Barker, South Australia (71yo).[60,78] Buried 28/1/1963, plot 226, Nairne Cemetery, South Australia (71yo).[78] Married Olive Myrtle Jane Day, 11/5/1929, Hay Valley, South Australia.[27] Both single.[27] Marriage at residence of George Day.[27] Olive, d/o George Day & Sarah Brinkley, 4/6/1896, Hay Valley, South Australia,[14,27] died 4/3/1976 & buried 5/3/1976, plot 226, Nairne Cemetery, South Australia (79yo).[78] Resided 1963, Dawesley, South Australia.[60,78]

xi.

Frederick Melanchthon Powell, born 24/9/1861, Clarendon, South Australia.[1,14,30,31]

xii.

Arthur William Powell, born 3/2/1864, Clarendon, South Australia.[1,14,30,31] Died 24/9/1946,[1,18,60] Clarendon, South Australia (83yo).[60,78] Buried 25/9/1946, Section C, plot 14, Clarendon-Kangarilla Cemetery, Clarendon, South Australia.[78] Farm labourer.[66] Labourer, 1939.[211] Gardener, 1943.[211] Married Sarah Jane Dunmill,[30] 10/10/1888, Wesleyan Church, Coromandel Valley, South Australia.[1,27] "Powell—Dunmill—On the 10th October, by the Rev. A. J Bogle, at Coromandel Valley Church. Walter {sic!}, youngest son of the late W. G. Powell, of Clarendon, to Sarah Jane Dunmill, of Baker's Gully.(Advertiser 12/10/1888)"[161] Sarah, d/o James Paddick Dunmill & Sarah Dysart, born 24/4/1864, Eyres Flat, South Australia,[1,14,27,30] died 20/4/1930, Clarendon, Willunga, South Australia (65yo),[1,18,60,78] & buried 22/4/1930, Section C, plot 13, Clarendon-Kangarilla Cemetery, Clarendon, South Australia.[78] Resided 1939, 1943, Clarendon, South Australia.[211]

Children: (a)

Arthur James Powell, born 26/7/1889, Clarendon, South Australia.[1,14,30] Died 15/11/1889, Clarendon, South Australia (3m,2do),[1,8,78] & buried 17/11/1889, Section Old, plot 8, Clarendon-Kangarilla Cemetery, Clarendon, South Australia.[78]

(b)

Oliver Darcy Powell, born 7/10/1890, Clarendon, South Australia.[1,14,30] Died 1917.[1] Died 8/5/1917, Mount Malvern Mine, Clarendon, South Australia (26yo).[60,66,78] Killed in a mining accident.[66] "Inquests. On the 9th instant, on the body of Oliver Darcy Powell, aged 51 years, late of Clarendon, labourer. Verdict- Deceased came to his death at the Mount Malvern Mine, near Clarendon, on the 8th May, 1917, from injuries received through being accidentally crushed by the cage if the shaft of the mine, and that no blame is attachable to anyone.(16/5/1917)"[206] Buried 10/5/1917, Section A, plot 12, Clarendon-Kangarilla Cemetery, Clarendon, South Australia.[78] "In loving memory of Oliver Darcy Powell. Dearly beloved husband of Estelle Powell. Who died May 8, 1917. Aged 26 years 7 months. Do not ask us if we miss him, There is such a vacant place, Can we ere forget his footsteps, Or his dear familiar face."[78] Married Estelle Page Lawrence, 28/4/1917, Congregational Church, Happy Valley, South Australia.[27] Both single.[27] Estelle, d/o Edward Lawrence, born 1893.[27] Estelle married 2nd Wilfred John Mitchell, 11/6/1919, Congregational Church, Hindmarsh Square, Adelaide, South Australia.[27]

(c)

Alfred Elliott Powell, born 11/1/1893, Clarendon, South Australia.[1,14,30] Died 27/1/1951, Clarendon, South Australia (58yo).[60,78] Buried 28/1/1951, Section F, plot 22, Clarendon-Kangarilla Cemetery, Clarendon, South Australia.[78] Did not marry.[60] Labourer, 1939, 1943.[211] Resided 1939, 1943, Clarendon, South Australia.[211]

(d)

Alma Valerie Powell, born 12/5/1895, Clarendon, South Australia.[1,14,30] Died 23/12/1977 (82yo), Blackwood, Adelaide, South Australia & buried Centennial Park, Pasadena, Adelaide, South Australia.[59] Married Brill Morriss Pelling, 25/2/1922, Methodist Church, Clarendon, South Australia.[27] Both single.[27] Brill, s/o John Peeling & Lizzie Bishenden, born 16/4/1894, Clarendon, South Australia,[14,27] died 9/1/1973 (78yo), cremated and his ashes interred Plot B001, Path 119, Row W, Section RSL Walls, Centennial Park, Pasadena, Adelaide, South Australia.[59]

(e)

Irene Maud Powell, born 26/11/1897, Clarendon, South Australia.[1,14,30] Died 1953, Dimboola, Victoria, Australia (55yo).[29] "Irene Maud Dunmill. Late of Dimboola, in the State of Victoria. Married woman. Deceased. Intestate. After fourteen clear days Samuel james Dunmill of Dimboola, farmer, the widower of the said deceased, will apply to the Supreme Court of Victoria for a grant of Letters of Administration of the estate of the said deceased."[63] Married Samuel James Dunmill, 4/10/1933, Methodist Church, Clarendon, South Australia.[27] Both single.[27] Samuel, s/o Andrew Dunmill & Caroline Mati Oakley, born 1889,[27] & died 1977, Dimboola, Victoria, Australia (88yo).[29] Resided 1932, Gerang Gerung, South Australia.[63]

(f)

Cyril Baden Powell, born 30/10/1899, Clarendon, South Australia.[1,14,30] Died 19/5/1979, Clarendon, South Australia (79yo) & buried 23/5/1979, Section J, plot 47, Clarendon-Kangarilla Cemetery, Clarendon, South Australia.[78] "In loving memory of Cyril Baden Powell, beloved husband of Amy & loved father of Jean & Ronda. Passed away 19th May 1979 aged 79 years. Also Amy Gladys, Beloved wife & Mother of the above. Passed away 10th October 1994, aged 91 years. At Rest.[78] Labourer, 1939, 1943.[211] Married Amy Gladys Easton, 3/4/1926, Methodist Church, Clarendon, South Australia.[27] Both single.[27] Amy, d/o George Easton & Charlotte Annie King, born 12/1/1903, Clarendon, South Australia,[14,27] died 10/10/1994, Goolwa, South Australia (91yo) & buried 13/10/1994, Section J, plot 48, Clarendon-Kangarilla Cemetery, Clarendon, South Australia.[78] Amy employed in home duties, 1939, 1943.[211] Resided 1939, 1943, Clarendon, South Australia.[211]

Children: (1)		Gladys Jean Powell,[78] born 7/5/1927, Clarendon, South Australia.[61]
(2)		Ronda Powell, born South Australia.[78]

(g)

Methuen Alick Powell, born 11/4/1902, Clarendon, South Australia.[1,14,30] Died 24/6/1944, Daw Park, Adelaide, South Australia (42yo),[59,60] & buried Plot 2, Path 14, Commonwealth War Graves Section, Centennial Park, Pasadena, Adelaide, South Australia.[59] Labourer, 1939, 1943.[211] Resided 1939, 1943, 1944, Clarendon, South Australia.[60,211]

(h)

Daisy Pearl Powell, born 30/3/1904, Clarendon, South Australia.[1,14,30] Unmarried, 1943.[211] Home duties, 1939, 1943.[211] Resided 1939, 1943, Clarendon, South Australia.[211]

The Nugget, , under Captain W. Bond, departed Southampton 21st January 1858 & arrived at Port Adelaide, South Australia 3rd April 1858. It was the 3rd ship from England to S.A. in 1858 with government passengers: "1128 tons, commanded by Mr. W.H. Bond, and of which Mr. William Donaldson was the surgeon-superintendent, sailed from Southampton on the 21st day of January, and arrived on the 3rd day of April after a voyage of 73 days duration. I believe the shortest passage of an emigrant ship on record. By this vessel 388 souls were added to our population ; seven deaths and one birth occurred at sea. The ship was well adapted for passengers, being lofty, well lighted and ventilated ; the provisions were abundant and of good quality. The emigrants expressed themselves satisfied with their diet and grateful for the kind treatment they had received. The people were nominated emigrants under the old regulations ; they were not generally of that class which a Colonial Agent, knowing the requirements of the Colony, would have selected, though the greater number were young healthy people. The Surgeon-superintendent who performed his duties very efficiently stated that he had received every support and co-operation from the Master and Officers of the ship, and that the conduct of the emigrants had been most satisfactory ; he complained, however, that the cargo on board the ship, being iron, caused the ship to roll and strain ; that, consequently, much water was shipped, which made the passengers most uncomfortable."[TheShipsList]

Holy Trinity Clapham, England, 1824
Lithograph - Charles Burton

Clapham Common, Clapham, 1866
Photograph - Ideal Homes

Clapham Old Town, England, c.1890
Photograph - Ideal Homes

Clapham is a district in south London, England, within the London Borough of Lambeth. Clapham is best known for its vast green space Clapham Common, its vibrant high street and the village-like atmosphere of its historic Old Town. Clapham is home of Holy Trinity Clapham the Georgian Church on Clapham Common, from where The Clapham Sect led by William Wilberforce and a group of upper class evangelical Christians campaigned for the abolition of the slave trade in the 19th century. Clapham dates back to Anglo-Saxon times: the name is thought to derive from the Old English clopp(a) + ham or hamm, meaning Homestead/enclosure near a hill. Clapham appears in Domesday Book as Clopeham. In the late seventeenth century large country houses began to be built there, and throughout the 18th and early nineteenth century it was favoured by the wealthier merchant classes of the City of London, who built many large and gracious houses and villas around Clapham Common and in the Old Town. Clapham Common was home to Elizabeth Cook, the widow of Captain James Cook the explorer. In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries the Clapham Sect were a group of upper class social reformers who lived around the Common. They included William Wilberforce, Henry Thornton, Zachary Macaulay & William Smith. They were very prominent in campaigns for the abolition of slavery and child labour, and for prison reform. After the coming of the railways, Clapham developed as a suburb for commuters into central London, and by 1900 it had fallen from favour with the upper classes. Many of their grand houses had been demolished by the middle of the twentieth century, though a number remain around the Common and in the Old Town, as do a substantial number of fine late eighteenth and early nineteenth century houses. Clapham was located in the county of Surrey until the creation of the County of London in 1889.[Wikipedia] Holy Trinity Clapham opened for worship in 1776, a plain, simple building. An earlier church had existed since the middle ages, in Rectory Grove, where St Paul’s Church now stands. By the mid-eighteenth century it was in a poor state of repair and far too small for what was by this time one of the fastest growing villages round London. In 1774 constructon began on a new church, under Kenton Couse, who also built No.10 Downing Street. In 1792 new vestries were built at the east end, and at the west end a new porch was constructed, to give shelter to those alighting from their carriages. In 1903 the east end of the church was reconstructed and considerably enlarged. During the Second World War, the Church suffered serious damage, however restoration was completed by 1952.[Holy Trinity]

Clarendon, SA, with vineyards, c.1870
Photograph - State Library SA

Clarendon, SA, c.1871
Photograph - State Library SA

Clarendon, SA, 1876
Engraving - Antiquarian Print Gallery

Clarendon is a small town in the Adelaide Hills, South Australia, about 30 km south of Adelaide. On 21 October 1840, Richard Blundell was granted the title to Section 801 Hundred of Noarlunga. In 1846, the land was conveyed to James Philcox who subdivided and sold a number of allotments and called it the township of Clarendon. In 1848, what remained of the section was sold to George Morphett who later surveyed more allotments, and other individuals also added adjacent blocks to the town. By 1866, the town was described as a regional centre ‘in the midst of a fine agricultural district, where wheat, peas, and potatoes are largely grown’. By this time, a fine vineyard had been created and wine was being made in a two-storey complex to the south of the main street. Much of the town's early trade was built around local vineyards and around proximity to the Onkaparinga River and a rich farming hinterland. This economy was enhanced when, between 1894 and 1896 the Clarendon Weir was constructed. The Clarendon vineyards were developed on land purchased by William Leigh, a well-known ship’s surgeon, in December 1846. A vineyard was developed for Leigh by 1849, probably by one or other of the Morphett brothers, John and George. Later, E.J. Peake took over the management of the place and, eventually, expanded the vineyard and assisted in the construction of the winery. By the 1890s, Joseph Gillard had assumed control and was running the winery with notable success. The buildings themselves, restored in the 1970s and 1980s, retain much of their original character.[Wikipedia, Onkaparinga City]

Cottage, McLaren Flat, SA
Photograph - 'Melnq8'

St Luke, Adelaide, SA
Photograph - St Luke's

Dust Storm, Broken Hill, NSW, 1890
Photograph - Powerhouse Museum

McLaren Flat is a township in the McLaren Vale/Willunga basin south of Adelaide. McLaren Flat is on the sprawling flat land to the east of the town of McLaren Vale on the road to Kangarilla. McLaren Flat is part of the McLaren Vale wine region. The area surrounding the town is planted to vineyards and several wineries are located in the immediate area. It has a population of 600. McLaren Flat has its own primary school.[Wikipedia] The first service of St Luke's was held in Holy Trinity Schoolroom in 1853. The foundation store for the church was laid in 1855 & the church consecrated in 1856. St Luke's was the fourth church in Adelaide.[St Luke's] Broken Hill is an isolated mining city in the far west of outback New South Wales, Australia. The world's largest mining company, BHP Billiton, has roots in the town. Broken Hill is located near the border with South Australia in the Barrier Range. It is 220m above sea level, has an average rainfall of 235 mm and summer temperatures that reach well over 40°C. The closest major city is Adelaide, more than 500 km to the southwest. Broken Hill has been called The Silver City, the Oasis of the West, and the Capital of the Outback. Broken Hill is Australia's longest-lived mining city. In 1844, the explorer Charles Sturt saw and named the Barrier Range, and at the time referred to a "Broken Hill" in his diary. Silver ore was later discovered on this broken hill in 1883 by a boundary rider named Charles Rasp. The "broken hill" that gives its name to Broken Hill actually comprised a number of hills that appeared to have a break in them. The broken hill no longer exists, having been mined away. Before Charles Sturt's naming of the town, the surrounding area was referred to by natives as the "Leaping Crest." Broken Hill's massive orebody has proved to be the world's largest & richest silver-lead-zinc mineral deposits. Broken Hill has been and still is a town dominated by the mining industry. The mines founded on the Broken Hill Ore Deposit have until recently provided the majority of direct employment and indirect employment in the city. The Broken Hill Proprietary Company became Australia's largest mining company, and later became part of the world's largest mining company, BHP Billiton. In the past, before the 1940s, mining was achieved via hand with high labor utilisation rates and included horse-drawn carts underground. The advent of diesel powered mining equipment in the late 1940s and the move toward mechanised underground mining has resulted in lower labor utilisation per tonne of ore recovered, and this has seen the workforce in the mines shrink. Another factor in the shrinking of workforce size has been the consolidation of mining leases and operators, from several dozen to just two main operators at present. In 1933 Broken Hill, with a population of 26,925, was the third largest urban incorporated area in New South Wales.[Wikipedia]

Round Hill Mine, Broken Hill, NSW, 1800s
Photograph - Broken Hill Library

St James, Blakison, SA
Photograph - Debbie [Trek Earth]

Hahndorf , SA, 1894
Photograph - State Library SA

St James Anglican Church, Blakiston, near Littlehampton in the Adelaide Hills, is one of the State's earliest Anglican Churches. Of the several Anglican churches built in South Australia between 1837 and 1847, only St James Church and Holy Trinity in North Terrace, Adelaide, remain. St James, was completed in 1847, and remains virtually as constructed, complete with its graveyard and rectory. The later belltower contains one of the oldest bells cast in South Australia. Not only is there intact physical evidence of the religious life of the early settlers of the Blakiston district in the site itself, but also a documentary legacy in the form of diaries and letters of the original minister and Francis Davison (founder of Blakiston), newspaper articles and an early watercolour of the interior of the church painted by the noted early South Australian artist, S.T. Gill in the late 1840s. St James provides a very intact example of an early Anglican church group which gives a clear insight into early building craftsmanship and the priorities of the Colony’s early settlers.[TrekEarth] Hahndorf is a small town in South Australia. The town was settled by Lutheran migrants largely from and around a small village then named "Kay" in Prussia, many of which were aboard the Zebra. The town is named after Danish Captain Dirk Meinhertz Hahn, who was captain of the Zebra. The Zebra arrived in South Australia December. 1838. Captain Hahn stayed on to see the new arrivals were settled, after having survived a horrendous journey by sea. For a time the immigrants lived in tents at Port Adelaide then Hahn came to an agreement to rent 150 acres of land (this was the present site of Hahndorf) which would be divided up so there was 38 acres for living quarters and the rest for farming. Later the grant was expanded to 240 acres. A group of twelve men on horseback and some ladies in a carriage travelled to inspect the site and Hahn was so taken by it that he declared 'It seems to me as if nature had lavished her choicest gifts on South Australia, I should like to end my days here and never return to the busy world.' The conditions for settlement were generous. The Germans were given provisions for the first year. They were also provided with a preacher and a substantial amount of livestock. All that was required was that they worked hard and produced a reasonable return on the land and livestock. Not surprisingly the early settlers worked hard planting crops and grazing the cattle they had been given. They all contributed to the construction of a church which was completed within a year of the settlement. It stood where St Michael's Church now stands. Within the first decade the town prospered. Vineyards were established, the women worked as shepherds, the men hired themselves out to the surrounding landowners as cheap labour and slowly substantial houses, many of which still stand, were built. The German influence is still very apparent in Hahndorf and is seen physically in the traditional fachwerk architecture of the original surviving buildings. There are also many restaurants in the town serving German cuisine. St Michael's Lutheran Congregation was established in 1839 and is the oldest surviving Lutheran congregation in Australia. Due to the First World War in Europe, in 1917 the South Australian Government changed many German place names. The name Hahndorf was changed to Ambleside after the town in North West England, and this remained until the late 1930s, when it reverted to Hahndorf. There are still references to the name Ambleside in and around the town today.[Wikipedia, Adelaide Hills, Sydney Morning Herald]

Post Office, Oodlawirra, SA, 1901
Photograph - National Archives Aust.

Penn Hotel, Oodlawirra, SA
Photograph - Jon Graham

Main Street, Peterborough, SA, 1894
Photograph - State Library SA

Oodla Wirra is a very small community on the Barrier Highway 24km east of Peterborough and km south west of Broken Hill. The town today consists of a hotel, a service station/roadhouse and a few houses. Originally proclaimed as the 'Township of Penn' in 1890, Oodla Wirra's history is closely linked to the railway, the pastoral industry and to the goldmines near the Dustholes and Mount Grainger. The name was changed to 'Oodlawirra' on 19 September 1940 as this was the name of the railway station. "Oodlawirra" is an Aboriginal weapon consisting of a notched, curved stick. The local school was opened in 1891 and was closed in 1950. The district around Oodla Wirra was described in the 'Register' newspaper on 7 December 1891... "We reached Oodla Wirra at dinner time but were sorry to find it a very small place. The most interesting object in our trip was the Oodla Wirra Flux and Silver Mining Company's claims. Here we beheld a large mountain of iron. The lode can be traced right through the property... A splendid lode of kaolin has been exposed at the foot of the hill and it is expected that silver will be obtained by sinking deeper... The outcrop in appearance surpasses Broken Hill and the developments of this property should be anxiously watched." The Halfway Hotel was first licensed in 1899, but was known to have existed prior to this. It was known as The Penn Hotel from 1899 until 1950 before the name was changed with the town, and is also known as the Oodla Wirra Halfway Hotel.[Come Travel Australia] Peterborough is a town in the mid north of South Australia, 253km north of Adelaide in wheat country. It was originally named Petersburg after the landowner, Peter Doecke, who sold land to create the town. It was one of 69 places in South Australia renamed in 1917 due to anti-German sentiments during World War I. Some of the local residents still refer to their town as Petersburg and pay tribute to the early German settlers who took up land from the government here in 1875, building a strong community and eventually a town. The first settlers in the area purchased land from the government in 1875. The first building in the town was constructed four years later. Settler Peter Doecke transferred his land to Johann Koch in 1876, who found out in 1880 that the land would be the site of a railway junction (which arrived in 1881). Koch described the area as "'a wild place and kangaroos were swarming'" & subdivided and sold 33 acres for £1700, after failing to get £500 for it in 1879. By 1880 a hotel and post office had been erected, followed by a school in 1883, and a town hall in 1884. In 1927 Peterborough was home to the largest Railway Roundhouse in the southern hemisphere.[Wikipedia, Come Travel Australia]

W. G. Powell Grave
Clarendon-Kangarilla
Photo - City of Onkaparinga

Caroline Powell grave
Clarendon-Kangarilla Cem.
City of Onkaparinga

Arthur James Powell grave
Clarendon-Kangarilla Cemetery
Photo - City of Onkaparinga

Oliver Darcy Powell
Clarendon-Kangarilla
City of Onkaparinga

Cyril Baden Powell grave
Clarendon-Kangarilla Cemetery
Photo - City of Onkaparinga

1.2.2. Henry Joseph Powell,[10,14,15,19,20,24] (s/o George Powell, s/o James Powell) born 1821, Lambeth, Co Surrey, England,[1,2,10,20] baptised 13/5/1821, St George The Martyr, Southwark, Co Surrey, England,[9,73] by Rev. C. A. Richardson, minister.[73] {At the time John Buckland was the rector} Died 14/1/1896, No.37 Grose Street, Glebe, Sydney, NSW, Australia (76yo).[20,22] Cause of death was apoplexy, D. Gwynne Hughes the medical attendant.[20] Informant was Arthur Powell, son.[20] Buried 15/1/1896, Presbyterian Section, Rookwood Cemetery, Sydney, by Rev. W. I. Cuthbert.[20] {No death notice or obituary published} Brewer, 1845.[2] Labourer, 1854,1856.[1,10,19,20,203]

In 1862 notification was published "From Henry J. Powell, asking remission of fine inflicted for his cows straying from their grazing ground on to the Park Lands. Received.(SA Advertiser 16/9/1862)"[162]
"Police Courts. Adelaide, Wednesday, September 16. Before Mr. B.Beddome. P.M. Henry J. Powell, carter, was complained against for allowing a chimney-flue to catch fire. Mr Boucaut defended. T. W. Reeves stated that he saw flames issuing from the chimney, thus endangering the safety of a wooden building belonging to witness. For the defence, it was alleged that the smoke and flames were occasioned by an explosive substance that was thrown on the fire by a young son of defendant, and that the chimney was quite clean, having been cleared a short time previously. Fined 5s., and costs 7s. The same defendant was further charged with keeping an unregistered dog. Withdrawn.(SA Register 17/9/1874)"[163]

Married Mary Jane Baker,[1,2,14,19,20,21,24] 2/3/1845,[2,20] St Mark's, Kennington,[2] Lambeth District, Co Surrey, England.[2,20,21] Both single & of full age.[2] Marriage by banns, by Rev Charles Lane according to the rites of the establish church (Church of England).[2] Witnesses were Mr Easter & Mary Cornwell.[2] At the time of their marriage Henry resided Alfred Street, Kennington, & Mary resided Barrett Street, Kennington.[2] {At some date between 1891-1912 Alfred St was renamed Bolney Street, South Lambeth.[55] In the same time period Barrett Street was renamed Vauxhall Street} Mary Jane, d/o Thomas Baker, a sawyer,[2] born 1823/1824, London, England,[10] and died 16/11/1877 (54yo), Queen Street, Adelaide, South Australia,[8,16,25] & buried 17/11/1877, West Terrace Cemetery, Adelaide, South Australia.[16,25] {No death notice or obituary published} At the time of their marriage Mary lived at Barrett St, Lambeth.[2] Henry & his family emigrated to Adelaide, South Australia, departing Southampton, England, 21/5/1856, arriving Port Adelaide 20/8/1856 on the "Eliza",[1,10,58,203] (Henry Joseph 34yo, Mary A. 32yo, George Thomas 7yo, Charles William 4yo & Mary Ann 1yo).[10,58,203] Resided 1845, Alfred Street, Kennington (now Bolney Street, South Lambeth), Lambeth District, Co Surrey, England.[2] Resided 1854, No.14 John Street, Kennington, Surrey, England.[19] (Now Bolney Street, South Lambeth, London) Resided 1856, 1859, 1861, 1864, Adelaide, South Australia.[1,20] Resided 1877, Queen Street, Adelaide, South Australia.[8,16,25] Resided 1881, Adelaide, South Australia.[1,20] Resided c.1881, Victoria, Australia.[20] {A nephew of Henry moved to Victoria in the early 1880s, which may account for the year he spent there.[1]} Resided c.1881-1884, Tasmania, Australia.[20] Resided 1885-1896, Sydney, NSW, Australia.[20] Resided 1896, with his son, Arthur Powell, No.37 Grose Street, Glebe, Sydney, NSW, Australia.[20] {Have been unable to find Henry in the 1841 or 1851 UK census}

Children of Henry Joseph Powell and Mary Jane Baker:

male Powell. Born & died before 1856.[20] {listed on father's death certificate,[20] but did not emigrate with family in 1856. No trace of birth in Australia}

ii.

George Thomas Powell,[1,10,15,34,35] born 16/11/1848,[1,10,17,19,20,68] No.14 John Street, Kennington, (now Bolney Street, South Lambeth, London),[19] Lambeth district,[68] Co Surrey, England.[1,10,20] Baptised by Rev. William Harker, 9/7/1854, St Barnabas Church of England, Guilford Road, South Kennington, London, England.[17,19]

iii.

Charles William Powell,[1] born 12/4/1851,[10,17,19,20,68] No.14 John Street, Kennington, (now Bolney Street, South Lambeth, London),[19] Lambeth district,[68] Co Surrey, England.[1,10,20] Baptised by Rev. William Harker, 9/7/1854, St Barnabas Church of England, Guilford Road, South Kennington, London, England.[17,19] Died 8/7/1918,[18,60] Sleep's Hill, Near Springbank, South Australia (64yo).[60,164,165] A coronial report into William's death was dated 8/7/1918.[117] Emigrated to Adelaide, South Australia, with parents, departing Southampton, England, 21/5/1856, arriving Port Adelaide 20/8/1856 on the "Eliza",[1,10,58] (Henry J. 34yo, Mary 32yo, George T. 7yo, Charles H. 4yo & Mary A. 1yo).[10,58] Did not marry.[60]

"Fatalities & Accidents: Fatality at Sleep's Hill. While working in a quarry at Sleep's Hill on Monday morning, Mr William Powell, a single man, who had been residing with his brother in Wright-street, received injuries to his head which resulted in his death shortly afterwards. The body was brought to Adelaide by train and was removed from the station in the police ambulance to the Adelaide Hospital and then to the morgue. It is believed a stone fell from a cutting at the quarry and struck Mr Powell's head.(Advertiser 9/7/1918)"[164]
"Fatalities & Accidents: Sleep's Hill Fatality. Evidence given before the Acting City Coroner (Mr. H. D. Gell, S.M.), on Wednesday, showed that Charles W. Powell (62), of Wright-street, met his death from injuries received while working at the Sleep's Hill railway cutting on Monday. William Rudolph Boettcher, laborer, of Mitcham, said Powell was shovelling dirt into a truck in the cutting, when three of four pieces of rock fell from the side of the cutting on to him. The walls of the cutting were about 60 ft. high. They were sounded on Monday, and were considered to be safe. Dr. A. F. Lynch said the injuries sustained by the deceased included a fracture of the skull and fracture of the backbone. All the ribs on the left side and some on the right were also broken. A verdict of accidental death was recorded.(Advertiser 11/7/1918)"[165]
"The friends of the late Charles William Powell are respectfully informed that his funeral will leave the residence of his brother, 49 Wright-street, City, on Wednesday, at 4.30 p.m., for the West terrace Cemetery. R. T. William & Son, undertaker.(Advertiser 10/7/1918)"[166]

iv.

Mary Ann Powell, born 21/8/1854,[1,10,17,19,20,68] No.14 John Street, Kennington, (now Bolney Street, South Lambeth, London),[19] Lambeth district,[68] Co Surrey, England.[1,10,20] Baptised by Rev. William Bowley, 10/9/1854, St Barnabas Church of England, Guilford Road, South Kennington, London, England.[17,19]

Harriet Matilda Powell, born 9/6/1859, Adelaide, South Australia.[14] Died 3/11/1872, Owen Street,[16,25] Adelaide, South Australia (13yo),[8] and buried 4/11/1872, West Terrace Cemetery, Adelaide, South Australia.[16,25] "Powell— On the 3rd November, at Owen street, Adelaide, Harriett Matilda, second and beloved daughter of Henry and Mary Powell, aged 13 years.(Register 5/11/1872)"[167]

vi.

Arthur Henry Powell, born 29/12/1861, Adelaide, South Australia.[1,14,20,24] Died 15/1/1923, State Hospital, Liverpool, Sydney, NSW, Australia (62yo).[22,24] Cause of death was tongue cancer, after 4 months hospitalisation (since 12/9/1922), D. Wallace was the medical attendant.[24] Informant was R. J. Brown.[24] Buried 16/1/1923, Presbyterian Section 6D, part 5, row 50, plot 11275, Rookwood Cemetery, Sydney, NSW, Australia, by Rev. David Allan, by the rites of the Presbyterian Church.[24,75] "Powell. January 15, in his 63rd year, Arthur Henry, beloved husband of Janie Powell, and beloved father of Arthur, of Gardiner's road, Mascot. At rest.(SMH 16/1/1923)"[168] Cab owner, 1895.[23] Retired Cab proprietor & invalid pensioner, 1923.[24] Married Janie McDonald, 15/5/1895,[22,23,24] Glebe, Sydney, NSW, Australia.[22,23,24] Both single.[23] Marriage was at the home of Janie's parents, No.35 Grose Street, Glebe (note this was next door to where Arthur was living in 1896.[37]), by Edward William Briscombe according to the rites of the United Methodist Church.[23] Witnesses were Lavinia Laura Sparks & William Rohan.[23] Mary McDonald, mother of the bride, gave consent to the marriage (Janie being under 21yo).[23] Janie, d/o Thomas and Mary,[22,23] born 1878, Bathurst, NSW, Australia,[22] died 14/5/1941, Bankstown, Sydney, NSW, Australia (61yo),[22,75] & buried with her husband.[75] Janie resided, 1895, with her parents, No.35 Grose Street, Glebe, Sydney, NSW, Australia, & was a dressmaker.[23] Resided 1883-1895, Sydney, NSW, Australia.[24] Resided 1895, Glebe, Sydney, NSW, Australia.[23] Resided 1896, No.37 Grose Street, Glebe, Sydney, NSW, Australia.[20] Resided 1923, Gardiners Road, Mascot, Sydney, NSW, Australia.[168] Janie resided, after 1923, Ricketty Street, Mascot, Sydney, NSW, Australia.[26]

Children: (a)

Arthur Henry Powell Jr, born 1912, Glebe, Sydney, NSW, Australia.[22,24] Married Constance P. Dimond, 1934, Sydney, NSW, Australia.[22] Constance, d/o Matthew & Emma, born 1912, Petersham, Sydney, NSW, Australia.[22]

vii.

Eliza Jane Powell,[28] born 4/11/1864, Adelaide, South Australia.[1,14,20,29] Died 6/1938, Coburg, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,[28,29] & buried 14/6/1938 (73yo), Roman Catholic Section, Compartment F, Grave 240, Fawkner Memorial Park, Cemetery & Crematorium, Sydney Road, Fawkner, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.[64] Married James Tormey,[28] 18/6/1881, St Luke Church, Adelaide, South Australia.[14,27] James born 1857,[14,29] died 7/1914, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,[29] & buried 8/7/1914 (57yo) with his wife, Fawkner Memorial Park, Cemetery & Crematorium, Sydney Road, Fawkner, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.[64] "Tormey-On the 7th of July, at North Melbourne, James, the beloved husband of Lily Tormey, and brother of Mrs. J. King and Mrs. T. Holland, Hindmarsh. R.I.P.(Advertiser 9/7/1914)"[169]

Children: (a)

Margaret Ellen Tormey, born c.1881, Adelaide, South Australia.[28] Died 1953, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (72yo).[29] Buried with sister, Ada, Roman Catholic section, Compartment F, Grave 243, Fawkner Memorial Park, Cemetery & Crematorium, Sydney Road, Fawkner, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.[28] Married George Ernest Ford,[28] 1904, Victoria, Australia.[29] George, s/o Henry, died 1966, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (85yo).[29] Buried with his wife.[28]

Children: (1)		George Ernest Ford, born 1904, Hotham West, Victoria, Australia.[29] Died 1973, Brighton, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (68yo).[29]
(2)		James Henry Ford, born 1907, Hotham West, Victoria, Australia.[29]
(3)		Thomas William Ford, born 1911, Hotham East, Victoria, Australia.[29] Died 1959, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (47yo).[29]
(4)		Ellen Ford, born 1919, Hotham East, Victoria, Australia.[29]
(5)		Margaret Ford, born 1919, Hotham East, Victoria, Australia.[29]

(b)

Mary Matilda Tormey, born 20/5/1883, Thebarton, South Australia.[14]

(c)

Joseph Henry Tormey, born 21/5/1885, Adelaide, South Australia.[14] Died 1/1945, Paynesville, Victoria, Australia (59yo),[29,64] & buried 22/1/1945, Church Of England section, Compartment K, Grave 1203, Fawkner Memorial Park, Cemetery & Crematorium, Sydney Road, Fawkner, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.[64] Married Dorothea May Pontin, 1908, Victoria, Australia.[29] Dorothea died 10/1968, Coburn, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (86yo),[29,64] & buried 18/10/1968 with her husband, Fawkner Memorial Park, Cemetery & Crematorium, Sydney Road, Fawkner, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.[64]

Children: (1)		James Henry Tormey, born 1909, Hotham West, Victoria, Australia.[29] Died 30/4/1988 (79yo) & buried 4/5/1988, Boulevard Special Lawn, Section H, Compartment A, Grave 3, Fawkner Memorial Park, Cemetery & Crematorium, Sydney Road, Fawkner, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.[64]
(2)		Joseph John Tormey, born 1911, Hotham West, Victoria, Australia.[29] Died 3/1971, 'Pasc', Victoria,[29,64] cremated & his ashes interred 9/3/1971 (59yo), New Lawn Area, Ground Niches Tree 4, Niche 55, Fawkner Memorial Park, Cemetery & Crematorium, Sydney Road, Fawkner, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.[64] Married Dorothy Jean.[64] Dorothy born 1912, died 19/8/1993 (81yo), cremated & her ashes interred, 23/8/1993, with her husband, Fawkner Memorial Park, Cemetery & Crematorium, Sydney Road, Fawkner, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.[64]
(3)		Lillian May Tormey, born 1913, Coburg, Victoria, Australia.[29]
(4)		Thomas Alfred William Tormey, born 1914, Coburg, Victoria, Australia.[29] Died 1/12/1987 (73yo), Victoria, Australia, cremated & his ashes interred, 7/12/1987, 2nd Ave. Garden Niches Feature B, Niche 90, Fawkner Memorial Park, Cemetery & Crematorium, Sydney Road, Fawkner, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.[64] Married Jean.[64] Jean born 1919, died 17/5/2007 (88yo), creamted & her ashes interred with her husband, 24/5/2007, Fawkner Memorial Park, Cemetery & Crematorium, Sydney Road, Fawkner, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.[64]
(5)		Gladys Mavis Tormey, born 1917, Campbellfield, Victoria, Australia.[29]
(6)		Arthur Lawrence Tormey, born 1920, Campbellfield, Victoria, Australia.[29]

(d)

Elise Susanna Tormey, born 1888, Richmond, Victoria, Australia.[29] Died 1966 Parkville, Victoria, Australia.[29] Married Arthur James Prosser, 1907, Richmond, Victoria, Australia.[29]

Children: (1)		Arthur James Prosser, born 1907, Hotham West, Victoria, Australia.[29]
(2)		Charles John Prosser, born 1909, Carlton, Victoria, Australia.[29]
(3)		Alice Jessie May Prosser, born 1912, Fitzroy North, Victoria, Australia.[29]
(4)		Robert William Prosser, born 1914, Carlton, Victoria, Australia.[29]

(e)

James Arthur Tormey, born 1890, Collingwood, Victoria, Australia.[29] Died 4/1950, Paynesville, Victoria, Australia,[29] & buried 28/4/1950 (59yo), Church Of England Section, Compartment LB, Grave 159, Fawkner Memorial Park, Cemetery & Crematorium, Sydney Road, Fawkner, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.[64] Married Elizabeth Charlotte Graham, 1914, Victoria, Australia.[29] Elizabeth, d/o William & Frances Graham,[29] born 1896, died 3/1962, Kensington, Melbourne, Victoria,[29,64] & buried 22/3/1962 (66yo) with her husband, Fawkner Memorial Park, Cemetery & Crematorium, Sydney Road, Fawkner, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.[64]

Children: (1)		Arthur James Tormey, born 1915, Hotham West, Victoria, Australia.[29] Died 5/1966, 'Rese', Victoria, Australia,[29] & buried 10/5/1966 (51yo), Church Of England Section, Compartment T, Grave 2890, Fawkner Memorial Park, Cemetery & Crematorium, Sydney Road, Fawkner, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.[64] Married Mavis Minnie.[64] Mavis, d/o George & Margaret Barnett,[29] born 1921, died 6/1974, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia,[29,64] & buried 18/6/1974 (52yo) with her husband, Fawkner Memorial Park, Cemetery & Crematorium, Sydney Road, Fawkner, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.[64]
(2)		Huon Alfred Percival Tormey, born 1919, Hotham West, Victoria, Australia.[29]
(3)		Joseph Henry Tormey, born 1921, Victoria, Australia.[64] Died 9/1930, Pranhan, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,[29,64] & buried 19/9/1930 (9yo), with his parents, Fawkner Memorial Park, Cemetery & Crematorium, Sydney Road, Fawkner, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.[64]

(f)

Eliza Jane Tormey, born 1892, Hotham West, Victoria, Australia.[29] Died 3/1976, Glenn Iris, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (83yo),[29,64] & buried 26/3/1976, Roman Catholic section, Compartment D, Grave 77, Fawkner Memorial Park, Cemetery & Crematorium, Sydney Road, Fawkner, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.[64] Married William John Hill, 1910, North Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.[29]

Children: (1)		Alfred Thomas William Hill, born 1910, Hotham East, Victoria, Australia.[29]
(2)		James Hill, born 1914, Hotham West, Victoria, Australia.[29]

(g)

Ada Mary Tormey, born 1894, Kensington Hill, Victoria, Australia.[29] Died 1/1975, Glenn Iris, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (80yo),[29,64] & buried 7/1/1975, Roman Catholic section, Compartment F, Grave 243, Fawkner Memorial Park, Cemetery & Crematorium, Sydney Road, Fawkner, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.[64] Married William Henry Cruickshank, 1909, Victoria, Australia.[29] William born 1890, died 4/1964 & buried 22/4/1964 (74yo) with his wife, Fawkner Memorial Park, Cemetery & Crematorium, Sydney Road, Fawkner, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.[64]

Children: (1)		Edith Grace Cruickshank, born 1910, Hotham West, Victoria, Australia.[29]
(2)		Ada Mary Cruickshank, born 1911, Hotham East, Victoria, Australia.[29]
(3)		Elise Veronica Cruickshank, born 1916, Hotham East, Victoria, Australia.[29]
(4)		William Laurence Cruickshank, born 1919, Hotham West, Victoria, Australia.[29]
(5)		Arthur Cruickshank, born 1928, victoria, Australia.[64] Died 24/6/2003 & buried 1/7/2003 (75yo) with his parents, Fawkner Memorial Park, Cemetery & Crematorium, Sydney Road, Fawkner, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.[64]

(h)

Charles John Tormey, born 1896, Kensington Hill, Victoria, Australia.[29] Married Rosanna Kelly, 1916, Victoria, Australia.[29] Rose, d/o James & Margaret, died 1971, Ivanhoe, Victoria, Australia (74yo).[29]

Children: (a)		Lillian Rose Tormey, born 1916, Hotham West, Victoria, Australia.[29]
(b)		John Arthur Tormey, born 1918, Hotham West, Victoria, Australia.[29] Died 14/7/2000 (82yo), Victoria, Australia & buried 20/7/2000, South Lawn, Row N, Grave 211, Fawkner Memorial Park, Cemetery & Crematorium, Sydney Road, Fawkner, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.[64] Married Thelma Joyce.[64] Thelma born 1925, died 4/6/1986, Victoria, Australia, & buried 10/6/1986 (61yo), with her husband, Fawkner Memorial Park, Cemetery & Crematorium, Sydney Road, Fawkner, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.[64]

(i)

Thomas Alfred Tormey, born 1898, Kensington Hill, Victoria, Australia.[29] Died 1983, Moonee Ponds, Victoria, Australia.[29]

(j)

Adelaide Veronica Tormey, born 1902, Hotham East, Victoria, Australia.[29] Died 6/1983, Mont Albert, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (81yo),[29,64] & buried 15/6/1983, Church Of England section, Compartment T, Grave 3565, Fawkner Memorial Park, Cemetery & Crematorium, Sydney Road, Fawkner, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.[64] Married Frederick Joseph Esdaile, 1918, Victoria, Australia.[29] Frederick born 1900, died 5/1962 & buried 1/5/1962 (62yo) with his wife, Fawkner Memorial Park, Cemetery & Crematorium, Sydney Road, Fawkner, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.[64]

(k)

Arthur Lawrence Tormey, born 1904, Hotham West, Victoria, Australia.[29] Died 10/1966, Chadwick, Victoria, Australia,[29,64] & buried 31/10/1964 (62yo), Roman Catholic Section, Compartment R, Grave 4422, Fawkner Memorial Park, Cemetery & Crematorium, Sydney Road, Fawkner, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.[64] Married Mona Veronica.[64] Mona, d/o Robert & Mary McIntosh,[29] born 1907, died 4/1981, Parkdale, Melbourne, Victoria,[29,64] (74yo) & buried 23/4/1981 with her husband, Fawkner Memorial Park, Cemetery & Crematorium, Sydney Road, Fawkner, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.[64]

(l)

Edith Grace Tormey, born 1908, Hotham West, Victoria, Australia.[29]

St Mark, Kennington
Photograph - St Mark's

Cottages, Kennington Road, Kennington
Watercolour - Lambeth Landmarks

Kennington Common, 1830
Engraving - W.H. Prior

Kennington is an area of South London, England and is the location of The Oval cricket ground. Kennington appears in the Domesday Book of 1086 as Chenintune, which may mean "place of the king" or the "farm of a man called Cena". Edward III gave the manor of Kennington to his oldest son Edward "the Black Prince" in 1337, and the prince then built a large royal palace between what is now Black Prince Road and Sancroft Street, near to Kennington Cross. Geoffrey Chaucer was employed at Kennington as Clerk of Works in 1389. The manor of Kennington continues to be owned by the current monarch's elder son. The development of Kennington is attributable to the construction, in 1750, of Westminster Bridge. The modern street pattern of Kennington was formed by 1818; the village had become a semi-rural suburb with grand terraced houses. Dense building and the carving-up of villas for multiple occupation caused Kennington to be "very seriously over-populated in 1859, when diptheria appeared". The Bethlem Royal Hospital (also known as Bedlam) relocated from Moorfields to St. George's Fields, at the north end of Kennington, in 1815. In 1930, the Bethlem Royal Hospital moved to Beckenham, in outer London. The Royal Surrey Zoological Gardens, which occupied 15 acres of land to the east of Kennington Park Road, were created in 1831. The site was sold for residential development in 1877.[Wikipedia] St Mark’s, Kennington is on the site of the old Roman Road Stane Street, which ran from the Roman London Bridge to Chichester. Kennington Park Road still follows the route of the old Stane Street. From the 1600s, the area where St Mark’s is now situated was Kennington Common. The Common was notorious as a place for public executions, including the execution of Jacobite rebels in 1745. It was also the site of large public fairs and boxing matches and the Common gained a riotous, dissolute reputation. Because of the huge numbers of people who congregated on the Common, it attracted large numbers of public speakers. In 1824 St Mark's was built on the old gallows corner of Kennington Common, one of four ‘Waterloo’ churches built in south London following the defeat of Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo. The first vicar of St Mark's was the Rev William Otter, later Bishop of Chichester. In the 1850s, Kennington Common was enclosed and Kennington Park created. In the late 19th century the vicar of St Mark’s was the Rev Henry Montgomery, later to become Bishop of Tasmania. The fourth of the Montgomerys’ nine children gained international fame during World War II as ‘Monty’, Field Marshal Montgomery. St Mark’s Mongtomery Hall is named in his memory. Another local resident in the early 20th century was the young Charlie Chaplin, who lived with his mother in a number of homes in and around Kennington Road. During the Second World War the area was heavily bombed and St Mark’s suffered serious damage. The only parts to survive were the Grecian facade and pillars, topped by the small cupola and cross. The vicar of the day was the Rev John Darlington, who had been in post for 50 years (and still used to wear a top hat and tailcoat to church). In 1960 the restored St Mark’s was opened.[St Mark's]

Adelaide, South Australia, 1860
Painting - unknown artist

Cnr Queen & Angus St, Adelaide, SA, 1924
Photograph - State Library SA

Cnr Queen & Angus St, Adelaide, SA, 1917
Photograph - State Library SA

The Eliza, the 12th ship from England to S.A. with government passengers for 1856, arrived with 338 souls on the 20th August, from Southampton, after a voyage of 90 days. The surgeon-superintendent, Mr. Henry Pearse, acted efficiently, who states that he received every support from Mr. S.T. Loutet, the master of the ship. There were seven deaths and eight births before the final disembarkation. The surgeon-superintendent reports that diarrhoea prevailed more or less during the whole voyage, and that several febrile attacks of an ephemeral character occurred after passing the tropics. Several complaints were made regarding the quality of the biscuit and flour issued while at sea. The Immigration Board investigated these complaints. The biscuit issued from bags seems to have got damp, and in some few cases mouldy ; occasionally, fresh biscuit was issued in lieu of that complained of, but the surgeon-superintendent, though he considered the biscuit in bags not so dry as in the casks, did not consider it necessary to make any official representation of the matter. The Board found the specimens of flour submitted to them of good quality, and the bread made from it well baked, and of good flavour. The immigrants by this ship seemed to be generally of an eligible class and well selected ; but the surgeon-superintendent stated that he had some difficulty in managing the single men and a few of the single women. The ship itself was well adapted for immigrants and well ventilated.[The Ships List] Adelaide is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of South Australia, and is the fifth-largest city in Australia. In 2010 Adelaide had an estimated population of more than 1.28 million. Adelaide is a coastal city situated on the eastern shores of Gulf St Vincent, on the Adelaide Plains, north of the Fleurieu Peninsula, between Gulf St Vincent and the low-lying Mount Lofty Ranges. The suburbs reach roughly 20 km from the coast to the foothills but sprawl 100 km from Gawler at its northern extent to Sellicks Beach in the south. Named in honour of Queen Adelaide, the wife of King William IV, the city was founded in 1836 as the planned capital for a freely settled British province in Australia. Colonel William Light, one of Adelaide's founding fathers, designed the city and chose its location close to the River Torrens. Light's design set out Adelaide in a grid layout, interspaced by wide boulevards and large public squares, and entirely surrounded by parkland. Early Adelaide was shaped by religious freedom and a commitment to political progressivism and civil liberties, which led to world-first reforms. South Australia was officially settled as a new British province on 28 December 1836, near The Old Gum Tree in what is now the suburb of Glenelg North. The site of the colony's capital city was surveyed and laid out by Colonel William Light, the first Surveyor-General of South Australia, through the design made by the architect George Strickland Kingston. Light chose, not without opposition, a site on rising ground close to the River Torrens, which became the chief early water supply for the fledgling colony. "Light's Vision", as it has been termed, has meant that the initial design of Adelaide required little modification as the city grew and prospered. Usually in an older city it would be necessary to accommodate larger roads and add parks, whereas Adelaide had them from the start. Adelaide was established as the centre of a planned colony of free immigrants, promising civil liberties and freedom from religious persecution, based upon the ideas of Edward Gibbon Wakefield. Wakefield had read accounts of Australian settlement and realised that the eastern colonies suffered from a lack of available labour, which he believed was due to the practice of giving land grants to all arrivals. Wakefield's idea was for the Government to sell the land at a rate that would maintain land values high enough to be unaffordable for labourers and journeymen. Funds raised from the sale of land would be used to bring out working class emigrants, who would have to work hard for the monied settlers in the hope of ever affording their own land. As it was believed that as a colony of free settlers there would be little crime no provision was made for a gaol while the law was enforced by Sheriff Samuel Smart. In early 1838 Sheriff Smart was wounded during a robbery. The South Australia Police was formed later that year to protect the community and enforce government regulations and the first gaol was opened in 1839. Adelaide's early history was wrought by economic uncertainty and incompetent leadership. The wool industry served as an early basis for the South Australian economy and wheat farms ranged from Encounter Bay in the south to Clare in the north by 1860. South Australia became a self-governing colony in 1856. A parliament was elected in 1857, by which time 109,917 people lived in the province. In 1860 the Thorndon Park reservoir was opened, finally providing an alternative water source to the River Torrens. In 1867 gas street lighting was implemented, the University of Adelaide was founded in 1874, the South Australian Art Gallery opened in 1881 and the Happy Valley Reservoir opened in 1896. In the 1890s Australia was affected by a severe economic depression, ending a hectic era of land booms and tumultuous expansionism. Financial institutions in Melbourne and banks in Sydney closed. The national fertility rate fell and immigration was reduced to a trickle. The value of South Australia's exports nearly halved. Drought and poor harvests from 1884 compounded the problems, with some families leaving for Western Australia. Adelaide was not as badly hit as the larger gold-rush cities of Sydney and Melbourne, and silver and lead discoveries at Broken Hill provided some relief. Only one year of deficit was recorded, but the price paid was retrenchments and lean public spending. Wine and copper were the only industries not to suffer a downturn. Electric street lighting was introduced in 1900 and electric trams were transporting passengers in 1909. 28,000 men were sent to fight in World War I. Adelaide enjoyed a post-war boom but, with the return of droughts, entered the Great Depression of the 1930s, later returning to prosperity under strong government leadership. Secondary industries helped reduce the state's dependence on primary industries.[Wikipedia]

Grose Street, Glebe, NSW, 1920s
Photograph - State Library NSW

St Barnabas, Guildford Road, Kennington
Photograph - Stephen Craven [Geograph]

Constructing Sleep's Hill Cutting, SA, 1918
Photograph - State Library SA

Glebe is an inner-city suburb of Sydney. Glebe is located 3 kilometres south-west of the Sydney CBD. Glebe surrounds Blackwattle Bay, an inlet of Sydney Harbour, in the north. Glebe's name derives from the fact that the land on which it was developed was a glebe, originally owned by the Anglican Church. 'The Glebe' was a land grant of 400 acres given by Governor Arthur Phillip to Reverend Richard Johnson, Chaplain of the First Fleet, in 1790. In the 19th century, Glebe was home to architect, Edmund Blacket, who had migrated from England. Blacket built his family home, Bidura, on Glebe Point Road in 1858, designing it along conventional Victorian Regency lines. He also designed St John's Church, on the corner of Glebe Point Road and St Johns Road. The Rozelle Tram Depot, located in The Crescent, Glebe, opened for service in 1904. The depot served the inner western suburbs tram routes. During its peak of operations the depot was a major place of employment, employing upto 650 staff and was one of few workplaces of significant size in the Glebe area during its period. The depot ceased operations in 1958. 19th century housing stock is largely intact, having undergone restoration as a result of gentrification.[Wikipedia] St Barnabas, Guilford Road, Kennington, was built in 1850 to the designs of Isaac Clarke and James Humphrys of Kentish rag, with Bath stone dressings, Early English in style, with nave and aisles and a small aisleless part at the west. It was a large church, seating 1500 people (including the galleries which were removed in 1888). Restored in 1948. The parish of St Barnabas, Kennington was merged with All Saints, South Lambeth in 1949 after which it became known as All Saints & St Barnabas. Demolition of St Barnabas was being considered in 1970 but it continued in use as a church until 1978 when the parish merged again with St Anne's. It was damaged by fire in 1982 and leased in 1983 to a housing association along with the adjacent parsonage for conversion into flats and is now known as Ekarro House.[Geograph, Southwark Anglican] Sleep's Hill was named after Samuel Sleep who arrived in South Australia in the late 1830s. In the 1850s Sleep established the Warrakimbo sheep station, west of the Flinders Ranges. The great drought of 1863-1865 devastated Samuel Sleep and he died in Norwood in 1865. Sleep's Hill also refers to a group of quarries that were in use in the 19th and 20th centuries, now known as Belair. The quarries were also known as the Adelaide Quarries. Quarrying at Sleep's Hill dated back to 1870. The main quarries were opened in 1915 by Burt & Timms, who had contracts to build some of the houses and many of the roads in Colonel Light Gardens. In 1919, Adelaide Quarries Ltd was formed to operate these quarries on a larger scale. By the 1950s, total production had reached 7 million tonnes. Adelaide Quarries Ltd expanded during the 1920s by buying a number of older quarries close by. The railway was a valuable means of transport for the quarry industry. The Mitcham Quarry siding, connected to the main line, commenced use in 1884. Quarry traffic ceased in 1897, but resumed in 1902. The Mitcham Quarry siding was incorporated into the Sleep's Hill siding in 1909. A track came into use from the main line to Sleep's Hill Quarry in 1909. This became a double line in 1915 and the Clapham lines also extended to Sleep's Hill in 1916. The Sleep's Hill/Eden Hills section of the line had two tunnels and two viaducts. A third tunnel, with a double track, was completed in 1919. In the 1940s, the Sleep's Hill tunnels were guarded. One contained reserves of ammunition, as well as valuable artifacts and paintings that were display items on tour from London. The Sleep's Hill platforms ceased to be used by the 1950s. The Sleep's Hill railway station was abandoned in 1955.[Mitcham Council]

House, Gardeners Road, Mascot, NSW
Photograph - Google StreetView

Sydney Road, Coburg, Victoria, 1915-1916
Photograph - Coburg Historical Society

Holt and Co Grocers, Coburg, 1884
Photograph - Coburg Historical Society

Mascot is a suburb in south-eastern Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Mascot is located 7 kilometres south of the Sydney CBD. Mascot is on the north-west side of Botany Bay and contains Sydney Airport. The first land grants in the area were made in 1835, with market gardening being the main land use. Subdivision followed the construction of Botany Road in 1875 and a municipality known as North Botany was formed in 1888. A racecourse operated in this area in 1904 on land that was formerly owned by the Australian Golf Club. The race course was known as Ascot, named after its famous counterpart Ascot, Berkshire, in England. Residents wanted the area to have an individual identity and a referendum was held in 1911 to choose between Mascot, Boronia and Booralee. In 1920, Mascot was chosen as the site of a public airfield. Nigel Love was leasing 200 acres from the Kensington Race club and in 1921 the Commonwealth Government purchased 161 acres for this purpose. The first regular flights began in 1924. Cooks River was diverted away from the area in 1947-1952 to provide more land for the airport. Mascot has a mixture of residential, commercial and industrial areas. Sydney Airport, Sydney's principal airport, takes up a large part of the suburb.[Wikipedia] Coburg is a suburb in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 8 km north from Melbourne's CBD. Coburg was first surveyed by Robert Hoddle in 1837-1838, and he recorded that a Mr Hyatt had a sheep station and hut on the east bank of the Merri Creek, near present Outlook Road. Hoddle marked out a 327 acre village reserve with two roads for the district: Bell Street West and Pentridge Road, later called Sydney Road. In 1840 the place was named Pentridge by a surveyor called Henry Foot who lived and worked near Merri Creek. In 1842 the first inn, The Golden Fleece, was built on Sydney Road just north of Page Street. Twenty one farms were in the area by 1849. With the Victorian gold rush in the 1850s the population of the area grew rapidly. In 1858 water mains from Yan Yean were connected and the first local paper, the Brunswick and Pentridge Press, was started. Quarrying of bluestone began in the area 1850s, and by 1875 there were 41 quarries in Coburg. In 1850 16 prisoners were moved from an overcrowded Melbourne Gaol to a stockade at Pentridge. Prisoners at what came to be called HM Prison Pentridge were immediately put on "hard labour" by breaking up bluestone for road surfaces. In 1867 a public meeting was called to change the name of the district, as residents were stigmatised and embarrassed at living in a suburb principally known for its gaol, Pentridge Prison. In 1870 the suburb's name was changed to Coburg, inspired by the impending visit to the colony of the Duke of Edinburgh, who was a member of the royal house of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. By 1899 there were 6000 people in the district. Coburg was gazetted as a borough in 1905. In 1994 the 135-year-old City of Coburg ceased to exist when it merged with Brunswick to become the new City of Moreland.[Wikipedia]

1.2.1.1. William George Powell, (s/o William George Powell, s/o George Powell, s/o James Powell) born 30/3/1849,[1,30,31,65,66,68,70,77] Rotten Row,[30,31,66] Lambeth district Co Surrey, England.[68,71] Baptised 4/11/1855, Holy Trinity, Clapham, Co Surrey, England,[65,77] by Rev. F. F. Mazuchelli.[77] Died 7/11/1921, O'Halloran Hill, near Kangarilla, South Australia (72yo).[1,18,60,78,170] Killed when run over by a wagon's wheel.[66] Buried 8/11/1921, Section B, plot 46, Clarendon-Kangarilla Cemetery, Clarendon, South Australia.[78] "Powell—On the 7th November, at O'Halloran Hill, William George, beloved husband of Ellen Powell, Clarendon, aged 72 years. At rest. Result of accident.(Advertiser 11/11/1921)"[170]

"This day, February 27, at 2 o'clock. John Bull Bazaar, Barker Brothers will sell by auction for Mr. W. G. Powell, Clarendon, Medium Draught Mare, 5 yrs., good anywhere.(Advertiser 27/2/1903)"[171]
"This day (Friday), May 23rd, at 12 o'clock. John Bull Bazaar, Barker Brothers will sell by auction for Mr. W. G. Powell, Grey Gelding, by Bolivar.(Advertiser, 23/5/1913)"[172]

Farmer, carrier, wheelwright & teamster.[1] Resided, 1851, with parents, Kennington 1st, Lambeth district, Co Surrey, England (0yo).[70] Married Eleanor Flatman,[1] 1/5/1873, St Luke, Adelaide, South Australia.[27] Both single.[27] William, 24yo, s/o William George.[27] Ellen, d/o Henry Flatman & Sarah Frost, born 14/10/1845,[1,14] Upper Sturt, Adelaide, South Australia,[14] died 5/11/1927, Clarendon, South Australia (81yo),[60,78] & buried 7/11/1927,[1,18,30,78] Section B, plot 45, Clarendon-Kangarilla Cemetery, Clarendon, South Australia.[78] Resided 1874, 1875, 1876, 1878, 1879, 1881, 1883, 1885, 1887, 1888, 1891, 1893, 1898, 1921, 1927, Clarendon, South Australia.[1,14,27,60]

Children of William George Powell & Eleanor Flatman:

William Thomas Powell, born 3/3/1874, Clarendon, South Australia.[1,14,30] {Mother Ellen.[14]} Died 30/4/1897, Broken Hill, NSW, Australia.[22,66,127] "Powell—On the 30th April, at Broken Hill, of typhoid fever, William T., eldest son of William and Ellen Powell, of Clarendon, S.A. Aged 23 years.(Advertiser 19/5/1897)"[173] Buried 2/5/1897, Methodist Section M5, row 36, plot 35, Broken Hill Cemetery, NSW, Australia (23yo).[127]

ii.

Henry Powell, born 15/6/1875, Clarendon, South Australia.[1,14,30] {Mother Emma.[14]} Died 20/3/1954, Eastwood, South Australia (78yo).[60] Labourer, 1943.[211] Married Rhoda Mitchell, 19/1/1898, Clarendon, South Australia.[14,30] Marriage was at the residence of William George Powell, Henry's father.[27] Henry, 22yo, s/o William George.[27] Both single.[27] Rhoda, d/o Caleb Mitchell & Anne Paddick, born 10/12/1876, Clarendon, South Australia,[14,27] died 15/9/1959, Reynella, South Australia (82yo),[60] & buried Centennial Park, Pasadena, Adelaide, South Australia.[59] Rhoda employed in home duties, 1943.[211] Resided 1921, 1943, 1954, 1959, Reynella, South Australia.[60,211]

Children: (a)

Leslie Henry Powell, born 24/8/1898, Clarenden, South Australia.[14] Died 21/3/1974 (75yo), Everard Park, Adelaide, South Australia & buried Centennial Park, Pasadena, Adelaide, South Australia.[59] Married Violet Booth, 12/4/1922, Methodist Church, Reynella, South Australia.[27] Both single.[27] Leslie, s/o Henry, 24yo.[27] Violet, d/o Alexander Frederick Booth & Margaret Feinsell, born 24/4/1897, Hurtle Vale, South Australia,[14,27] & died 17/7/1976 (79yo), Everard Park, South Australia & buried Centennial Park, Pasadena, Adelaide, South Australia.[59]

Children: (1)		Valmai Dawn Powell, born 8/2/1923, Glenelg, Adelaide, South Australia.[61]
(2)		Colin Leslie Powell, born 14/11/1924, Seacliff, Adelaide, South Australia.[61]
(3)		Brian Douglas Powell, born 19/11/1927, Joslin, Adelaide, South Australia.[61]

(b)

Percy William Powell, born 27/9/1899, Clarenden, South Australia.[14] Storeman, 1943.[211] Married Ellen Gladys Horner, 16/8/1924, St Columbas, Hawthorn, Adelaide, South Australia.[27] Both single.[27] Percy, s/o Henry Powell, 24yo.[27] Ellen, d/o Charles Lindsay Horner & Catherine Olive Crundwell, born 5/5/1905, Adelaide, South Australia.[14,27] Ellen employed in home duties, 1943.[211] Resided 1943, No.27 Thames Street, Clarence Park, Adelaide, South Australia.[211]

Children: (1)		Charles Henry Bayly Powell, born 14/3/1925, Hawthorn, Adelaide, South Australia.[61]
(2)		Dulcie Oliver Powell, born 9/2/1926, Parkside, Adelaide, South Australia.[61]
(3)		Laurel Pearl Powell, born 28/3/1927, Adelaide, South Australia.[61]
(4)		Robert Percy Powell, born 22/8/1928, North Unley, Adelaide, South Australia.[61]

(c)

Ivy Myrtle Powell, born 20/8/1901, Clarenden, South Australia.[14] Died 13/9/1905, Clarendon, South Australia (4yo).[8,78] Buried 15/9/1905, Section Old, plot 199, Clarendon-Kangarilla Cemetery, Clarendon, South Australia.[78]

(d)

Pearl Doreen Powell, born 15/10/1904, Clarenden, South Australia.[14] Married Roy William Easton, 31/3/1928, Methodist Church, Reynella, South Australia.[27] Both single.[27] Pearl, d/o Henry Powell, 23yo.[27] Roy, s/o George Easton & Charlotte Annie King, born 30/1/1904, Clarendon, South Australia.[14,27]

(e)

Ada Gladys Powell, born 27/2/1908, Clarenden, South Australia.[61] Married Richard Mundy, 26/10/1929, Maughan Church Vestry, Adelaide, South Australia.[27] Both single.[27] Richard, s/o William Mundy & Mary Ann Thredgold, born 9/12/1894, Clarendon, South Australia.[14,27]

(f)

Hazel May Powell, born 21/7/1910, Clarenden, South Australia.[61] Died 1/5/1972, Reynella, South Australia (61yo).[60] Did not marry.[60] Employed in home duties, 1943.[211] Resided 1943, Reynella, South Australia.[211]

(g)

Reta Doris Powell, born 18/5/1913, Clarenden, South Australia.[61] Married Eric Glen Brooks, 12/12/1936, Methodist Church Grange, Adelaide, South Australia.[27] Both single.[27] Eric, s/o Thomas Bowden William Brooks, born 1904.[27]

(h)

Roy Howie Powell, born 27/9/1916, Reynella, South Australia.[61] Died 1996, Morphett Vale, South Australia (9yo).[78] Buried 24/6/1996, plot 53C, Scotch Cemetery, Morphett Vale, South Australia.[78] labourer, 1943.[211] Married Laurel Annie (after 1943).[60] Laurel born 1923, died 22/1/1968, North Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia (45yo),[60,78] & buried 24/1/1968, plot 53C, Scotch Cemetery, Morphett Vale, South Australia.[78] Resided 1943, Reynella, South Australia.[211] Resided 1968, 1996, Morphett Vale, South Australia.[78]

(i)

Claude Alfred Powell, born 12/7/1918, Reynella, South Australia.[61] Died 11/4/1921, North Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia (2y,10mo).[60,78] Buried 12/4/1921, plot 325, Bains Cemetery, Morphett Vale, South Australia.[78]

iii.

Robert Neptune Powell, born 31/10/1876, Clarendon, South Australia.[1,14,30,31] {Mother Ellen.[14]} Died 1/8/1952,[1,30,31,60] Blackwood, Adelaide, South Australia (74yo).[60,78] Buried 2/8/1952, Section F, plot 46, Clarendon-Kangarilla Cemetery, Clarendon, South Australia.[78] Labourer, 1939, 1943.[211]

"Frederick Bradley Flood, Robert Neptune Powell, William John Campbell, Thomas David Davidson, Edgard Alfred DeRose, Allan Edward Sheidow, John Charles Smith and Francis Cawley, on complaint were charged with breaches of the Licensing Acts 1917-1923, section 197, at Victoria Hotel, Tapley's Hill; all convicted without a penalty, and each ordered to pay costs 15s. Evidence for the prosecution was obtained by P.C.C.s Lindsay (W.H.) & Regan.(1925).[207]

Married Louisa Grace Golder, 6/2/1901, Kangarilla, South Australia.[27,31] Marriage at the residence of James Golder, Louisa's father.[27] Both single.[27] Robert s/o William George Powell, 26yo.[27] Louisa, d/o James Golder & Martha Osmond, born 18/7/1874, Kangarilla, South Australia,[27] died 24/9/1954, Blackwood, Adelaide, South Australia (79yo),[60,78] & buried 27/9/1954, Section F, plot 46, Clarendon-Kangarilla Cemetery, Clarendon, South Australia.[78] Louisa employed in home duties, 1939, 1943.[211] Resided 1901, 1906, 1907, 1910, 1912, 1915, 1939, 1943, 1952, Clarendon, South Australia.[60,61,211] Resided 1954, Blackwood, Adelaide, South Australia.[60,78]

Children: (a)

Unice Lavina May Powell, born 16/11/1901, Clarenden, South Australia.[14] Died 7/8/1987 (85yo), Hawthorndene, South Australia & buried Centennial Park, Pasadena, Adelaide, South Australia.[59] Married Clarence Gordon Gamble, 30/5/1925, Methodist Church, Clarendon, South Australia.[27] Unice, d/o Robert Neptune Powell, 23yo.[27] Both single.[27] Clarence, s/o Thomas Gamble & Jane Scutter, born 11/5/1898, Blackwood, Adelaide, South Australia,[14,27] died 8/10/1976 (78yo) & buried Centennial Park, Pasadena, Adelaide, South Australia.[59]

Children: (1)

Robert Gordon Gamble, born 23/1/1926, Blackwood, Adelaide, South Australia.[61]

(b)

Kenneth Neptune Powell, born 18/8/1905, Clarenden, South Australia.[14] Died 12/1/1981, South Australia (75yo).[78] Buried Section C034, plot 9, Angaston Cemetery, South Australia.[78] Married Jessie Margaret Robertson, 15/6/1935, Methodist Church, Brighton, Adelaide, South Australia.[27] Kenneth, s/o Robert Neptune Powell, 29yo.[27] Both single.[27] Jessie, d/o George Louis Robertson, born 1910,[27] died 3/9/1990, South Australia (80yo),[78] & buried Section C034, plot 9, Angaston Cemetery, South Australia.[78]

(c)

Esma Allie Powell, born 10/6/1906, Clarenden, South Australia.[14] Died 19/9/1968, Blackwood, Adelaide, South Australia (65yo),[59,60] & buried Plot 527A, Path 20, Section General E, Centennial Park, Pasadena, Adelaide, South Australia.[59] Married Frank Wallace Miller, 12/11/1932, Methodist Church, Clarendon, South Australia.[27] Esma, d/o Robert Neptune Powell, 29yo.[27] Both single.[27] Frank, s/o James Edmund Miller & Ethel Victoria Wallace, born 25/7/1905, Blackwood, Adelaide, South Australia,[14,27] & died 21/7/1974 (68yo), Blackwood, South Australia, cremated & his ashes buried with his wife Centennial Park, Pasadena, Adelaide, South Australia.[59]

(d)

Robert Ronald Powell, born 28/5/1907, Clarendon, South Australia.[61] Died 1977, Coromandel Valley, South Australia (70yo).[78] Buried 7/10/1977, Section C, plot 47, Clarendon-Kangarilla Cemetery, Clarendon, South Australia.[78] Did not marry.[78,211] Labourer, 1939, 1943.[211] Resided 1939, 1943, Clarendon, South Australia.[211]

(e)

Olive Ethel Powell, born 20/3/1910, Clarendon, South Australia.[61] Died 24/5/1936, Clarendon, South Australia (26yo).[60,78] Buried 25/5/1936, Section C, plot 44, Clarendon-Kangarilla Cemetery, Clarendon, South Australia.[78] Did not marry.[60]

(f)

Gracie Ellen Martha Powell, born 1/6/1912, Clarendon, South Australia.[61] Married Harold Owen Paddick, 20/4/1935, Methodist Church, Clarendon, South Australia.[27] Both single.[27] Harold, s/o Gordon Harold Paddick, born 1910.[27] "Powell-Paddick—The engagement is announced of Grace, daughter of Mr and Mrs. R. N. Powell, of Clarendon, to Owen, son of Mr. and Mrs. G. Paddick, of Berri, River Murray.(Advertiser 10/11/1932)"[174]

(g)

Queen Victoria Powell, born 24/5/1915, Clarendon, South Australia.[61] Unmarried, 1939.[211] Home duties, 1939.[211] Resided 1939, Clarendon, South Australia.[211]

iv.

Frederick Charles Powell, born 29/5/1878, Clarendon, South Australia.[1,14,30,31] {Mother Ellen.[14]} Died 27/6/1965, Norwood, Adelaide, South Australia (87yo).[60,78] Buried 28/6/1965, Section F, plot 48, Clarendon-Kangarilla Cemetery, Clarendon, South Australia.[78] Labourer, 1939, 1943.[211] Married Jane Rebecca Smidt, 26/10/1900, Clarendon, South Australia.[27] Marriage at the residence of Mrs Smidt.[27] Both single.[27] Frederick, s/o William George Powell, 22yo.[27] Jane, d/o Johan Charles Smidt & Catherine May Turner, born 16/1/1882, Clarendon, South Australia,[14,27] died 18/6/1952, Clarendon, South Australia (70yo),[60,78] & buried 19/6/1952, Section F, plot 47, Clarendon-Kangarilla Cemetery, Clarendon, South Australia.[78] Jane employed in home duties, 1939, 1943.[211] Resided 1939, 1943, 1952, 1965, Clarendon, South Australia.[60,78,211]

Children: (a)

Keith Fredrick Powell, born 15/2/1901, Clarenden, South Australia.[14] Died 26/9/1934, Adelaide, South Australia (33yo).[60] Married Alice Mary Pezely, 8/3/1930, Mount Carmel, Alberton, Port Adelaide, South Australia.[27] Keith, s/o Frederick Charles Powell, 29yo.[27] Both single.[27] Alice, d/o John Anthony Pezely, born 1907.[27] Resided 1934, Queenstown, South Australia.[60]

(b)

Verna Milton Powell, born 20/4/1902, Clarenden, South Australia.[14] Died 9/11/1967, Goodwood, Adelaide, South Australia (67yo),[60] & buried Plot 65B, Path 27, Section general-E, Centennial Park, Pasadena, Adelaide, South Australia.[59] Driver, 1943.[211] Married Donalda Jacqueline Dawson, 7/11/1921, Registry Office, Adelaide, South Australia.[27] Verna, s/o Frederick Charles Powell, 20yo.[27] Both single.[27] Donalda, d/o John Anderson Dawson & Elizabeth Moody, born 1901, Port Augusta, South Australia,[14,27] died c.1976 (75yo), Goodwood, South Australia & buried with her husband & buried Centennial Park, Pasadena, Adelaide, South Australia.[59] Donalda employed in home duties, 1943.[211] Resided 1943, No.29 Maple Avenue, Wayville, Adelaide, South Australia.[211]

Children: (1)		Asia Ferlicitie Maxine Powell, born 1/7/1922, Parkside, Adelaide, South Australia.[61]
(2)		Cora Antoinette Eve Powell, born 27/7/1927, Wayville West, Adelaide, South Australia.[61]

(c)

Eleanor May Powell, born 26/1/1904, Clarenden, South Australia.[14] Married Allen Lee Spencer, 4/8/1934, Methodist Church, Clarendon, South Australia.[27] Eleanor, d/o Charles Frederick Powell, 30yo.[27] Both single.[27] Allen, s/o Jonathan Spencer & Martha Harper, born 29/7/1904, Clarendon, South Australia.[14,27]

(d)

Carl William Powell, born 23/4/1906, Clarenden, South Australia.[14] Labourer, 1939, 1943.[211] Married Linda May Gross, 6/9/1930, Registry Office, Adelaide, South Australia.[27] Carl, s/o Frederick Charles Powell, 24yo.[27] Both single.[27] Linda, d/o Henry Alfred Gross, born 1905,[27] & died 18/8/1989 (78yo), No5. Mitchell Street, Adelaide, South Australia & buried Centennial Park, Pasadena, Adelaide, South Australia.[59] Employed in home duties, 1939, 1943.[211] Resided 1939, 1943, O'Halloran Hill, South Australia.[211]

Children: (1)

Arnold Charles Powell, born 26/9/1907, Clarendon, South Australia.[61] Labourer, 1939.[211] Resided 1939, Clarendon, South Australia.[211]

(e)

Norman John Powell, born 6/11/1908, Clarendon, South Australia.[61] {No further record in WA, NSW, SA or Victoria}

(f)

Nellie Rebecca Powell, born 9/4/1913, Clarendon, South Australia.[27,61] Died 10/3/2003 (89yo), Kingswood, Adelaide, South Australia & buried Centennial Park, Pasadena, Adelaide, South Australia.[59] Married Rex Gerald Potter, 21/8/1937, Methodist Church, Clarendon, South Australia.[27] Nellie, d/o Charles Frederick Powell, 24yo.[27] Both single.[27] Rex, s/o Joseph Potter & Gertrude Bradley, born 15/11/1904, Clarendon, South Australia,[14,27] died 2/5/1992 (87yo), South Australia & buried Centennial Park, Pasadena, Adelaide, South Australia.[59]

(g)

Jack Melville Powell, born 20/1/1915, Clarendon, South Australia.[61] Labourer, 1943.[211] Resided 1943, Reynella, South Australia.[211]

(h)

Clifford Edgar Powell, born 6/1/1916, Clarenden, South Australia.[61] Died 15/1/1916, Clarenden, South Australia (9do).[18,78] Buried 14/1/1916, Section Old, plot SP14, Clarendon-Kangarilla Cemetery, Clarendon, South Australia.[78]

(i)

Millie Irene Powell, born 8/10/1917, Clarendon, South Australia.[61] Single, employed in home duties, 1939.[211] Resided 1939, Clarendon, South Australia.[211]

Ellen Powell, born 2/12/1879, Clarendon, South Australia.[1,14,30,31] {Mother Ellen.[14]} Died 14/4/1960, Parkside, Adelaide, South Australia (80yo).[60] Married Stephen Francis Waye, 5/8/1909, Methodist church, Clarendon, South Australia.[27,31] Ellen d/o William George Powell, 29yo.[27] Both single.[27] "Wave-Powell-On the 5th August, at the Methodist Church, Clarendon, by the Rev. W. T. Wiltshire, Stephen Francis, youngest son of the late William Wave, McLaren Vale, to Ellen, eldest daughter of William George Powell, Clarendon.(Advertiser 9/8/1909)"[175] Stephen, s/o William Waye & Elizabeth Thomas, born 8/4/1879, McLaren Vale, South Australia,[14,27] & died 15/11/1936, Clarendon, South Australia (57yo).[60] Resided 1960, Clarendon, South Australia.[60]

vi.

Caroline Powell, born 27/4/1881, Clarendon, South Australia.[1,14,30,31] {Mother Helen.[14]} Died 7/9/1940, Semaphore, South Australia (59yo).[60] Married Cyrus Easton, 14/1/1914, Methodist church, Clarendon, South Australia.[27,31] Caroline, d/o William George Powell, 31yo.[27] Both single.[27] Cyrus, s/o David Henry Easton & Mary Elizabeth Alcock, born 24/7/1883, Edithburgh, South Australia,[14,27] & died 26/9/1932, Port Adelaide, South Australia (49yo).[60] Resided 1932, 1940, Exeter, South Australia.[60]

vii.

Sarah Powell, born 27/4/1881, Clarendon, South Australia.[1,14,30] {Mother Helen.[14]} Died c.1951 (70yo), Blackwood, Adelaide, South Australia & buried Plot 302, Path 4, Secetion general B, Centennial Park, Pasadena, Adelaide, South Australia.[59] Married William Frederick Schurgott, 19/10/1911, Methodist church, Clarendon, South Australia.[27] Sarah, d/o William George Powell, 22yo.[27] Both single.[27] "Shurgott-Powell-On the 19th October, at Clarendon Methodist Church, by the Rev. E. J. Carvosso, William F., fourth son of Martin Schurgott, of Hurtle Vale, to Sarah, second daughter of William G. Powell, of Clarendon.(Advertiser 18/11/1911)"[176] William, s/o Martin Schurgott & Mary Keheshow, born 2/12/1888, Near Saddleworth, South Australia,[14,27] died 30/8/1965 (76yo), South Australia & buried Centennial Park, Pasadena, Adelaide, South Australia.[59]

Children: (1)

Eileen Ivy Schurgott, born 14/7/1914, Glenelg, Adelaide, South Australia.[61]

viii.

Samuel Charles Powell, born 20/3/1883, Clarendon, South Australia.[1,14,30] {Mother Ellen.[14]} Died c.1975 (92yo), Frewville, Adelaide, South Australia & Plot 1683, Path 24, Section general, buried Centennial Park, Pasadena, Adelaide, South Australia.[59] Married Caroline Hicks nee Hellen, 9/12/1920, Registry Office, Adelaide, South Australia.[27] Samuel, s/o William Powell, 40yo.[27] William single, Caroline widowed.[27] Caroline, d/o Thomas Hellen, born 1870,[27] died 10/9/1936, Parkside, Adelaide, South Australia (67yo).[60]

ix.

Arthur George Powell, born 22/6/1885, Clarendon, South Australia.[1,14,30] {Mother Ellen.[14] No further trace in SA, NSW or Victoria. Several Arthur Powell's married in Western Australia between 1910-1930, one of whom may have been Arthur George, however there is insufficient evidence to tie him to one of the WA Arthur's. However given that there is no trace of Arthur in any of the southern mainland states, it is feasable}

Hurtle James Powell, born 20/3/1887, Clarenden, South Australia.[14] {Mother Ellen.[14]} Died 14/9/1962, Malvern, Adelaide South Australia (75yo),[59,60] & buried Plot 898, Path CO, Section Anglican-C, Centennial Park, Pasadena, Adelaide, South Australia.[59] Quarryman, 1939, 1943.[211] Married Betina Louisa Blance Royals, 26/12/1922, St Matthew, Kensington, Adelaide, South Australia.[27] Hurtle, s/o William George Powell, 35yo.[27] Both single.[27] Betina, d/o Raymond Royals, born 1891,[27] died c.1975 (84yo), Edwardstown, South Australia & buried with her husband, Centennial Park, Pasadena, Adelaide, South Australia.[59] Employed in home duties, 1939, 1943.[211] Resided 1939, 1943, Happy Valley, South Australia.[211] Resided 1962, O'Halloran Hill, Adelaide, South Australia.[60]

Children: (a)		Gwenda Eileen Powell, born 24/4/1923, Kangarilla, South Australia.[61]
(b)		Reginald Hurtle Powell, born 4/5/1924, Clarendon, South Australia.[61]
(c)		Bevan Mailley Powell, born 3/2/1927, Clarendon, South Australia.[61]

xi.

George Powell, born 18/12/1888, Clarenden, South Australia.[14] {Mother Ellen.[14]} Died 1/6/1960, Mitchell Park, Adelaide, South Australia (71yo).[60] Labourer, 1939, 1943.[211] Married Vida 'Veda' Mynette Spencer, 22/3/1917, Methodist Church, Adelaide, South Australia.[27] George, s/o William George Powell, 27yo.[27] Both single.[27] Vida, d/o Jonathan Spencer & Martha Harper, born 30/7/1894, Clarendon, South Australia,[14,27] died 1978, Hampton, Victoria, Australia (84yo).[29] Veda employed as a housekeeper, 1939, 1943.[211] Resided 1939, 1943, Clarendon, South Australia.[211]

Children: (a)

Joyce Mynette Powell, born 15/4/1918, Clarendon, South Australia.[61]

xii.

Bessie Powell, born 27/2/1891, Clarenden, South Australia.[14,27,31] {Mother Ellen.[14]} Married Leslie George Harper, 30/4/1913, Methodist church, Clarendon, South Australia.[27,31] Bessie, d/o William George Powell, 22yo.[27] Both single.[27] "Harper-Powell-On the 30th April, at Methodist Church. Clarendon, by the Rev. C. G. Carvossa, Leslie George, youngest son of George Harper, of Reynella, to Bessie, youngest daughter of William George Powell, of Clarendon.(Advertiser 9/6/1913)"[177] Leslie, s/o George Harper & Rebecca Edwards, born 4/8/1888, Clarendon, South Australia,[14,27] & died 2/1/1957, Gawler, South Australia (68yo).[60] Resided 1957, Lyndoch, South Australia.[60]

Children: (a)

Dulcie Constance Ita Harper, 23/4/1914, Glenelg, Adelaide, South Australia.[61]

xiii.

Sidney Powell, born 22/3/1893, Clarenden, South Australia.[14] {Mother Ellen.[14]} Died 17/12/1964, St Georges, Lower Mitcham, Adelaide, South Australia (70yo),[59,60] & buried Plot 524A, Path AV, Section Acacia-A, Centennial Park, Pasadena, Adelaide, South Australia.[59] Farm assistant, 1939, 1943.[211] Married Elsie May Davis, 19/7/1928, Maughan Church, Adelaide, South Australia.[27] Sydney s/o William Powell, 34yo.[27] Both single.[27] Elsie, d/o Minnie Davis, born 21/6/1902, Adelaide, South Australia,[14,27] died 21/7/1976 (74yo), South Australia & buried Centennial Park, Pasadena, Adelaide, South Australia.[59] Elsie employed in home duties, 1939, 1943.[211] Resided 1939, 1943, Clarendon, South Australia.[211]

Clarendon, SA, 1900
Photograph - State Library SA

Clarendon, SA, 1929
Photograph - State Library SA

Clarendon, SA, 2010
Photograph - 'Yvonne' [pBase]

The history of the Clarendon township starts with the first settlers in 1846. James Philcox laid out the township of Clarendon as part of the Hundred of Noarlunga which had been granted to Richard Blundell in England. Thirty eight acres were conveyed to William Leigh and the remainder to George Morphett. The native inhabitants called the place “Toondilla” and the river bend (now the recreation ground) was a gathering place for corroborees. In 1850 a battle occurred between neighbouring tribes. Even though the town was 18 miles from Adelaide, local residents would have to travel, by foot, to O’Halloran Hill and then by stage coach to the city to purchase supplies. The town became the centre of a thriving rural community of farmers, orchardists and dairy folk. (At times the peaceful village was disrupted by the herds of cattle on their way to market ranging through their gardens). In 1850 the Tally-Ho hotel, later to become the bake-house, was built near the Onkaparinga River so that travellers could rest before crossing the river on their way to Goolwa. By 1860 Cobb and Co. ran a weekly passenger service through the town and by 1864 a regular daily mail collection was made. The first Clarendon Council meeting was held in 1853 in the Morphett home and they purchased the Recreation Ground and a Council Chamber which doubled as an Institute. A wooden bridge was completed over the Onkaparinga in 1858. The Wesleyan Methodist Church on the steep hill was built in 1851 and the Historic Hall was built in 1854. The present Methodist Church was erected in 1857 and St. Ninian's Church was built sometime in the early 1850's. The Police Station and the Royal Oak Hotel were also built in the 1850s. The school building was completed in 1885. Many businesses had sprung up during the first 50 years of settlement including two blacksmiths, a jam factory, a boot-maker, wheelwright, ostler and saddler. The Agricultural bureau was formed in 1896 and held regular annual shows until 1914. There was a silver mine a few miles south of Clarendon where copper, silver and lead were mined.[Clarendon]

Bullock team, Kangarilla, SA, 1870
Photograph - State Library SA

Blackwood, SA, 1938
Photograph - State Library SA

St Matthew, Kensington, SA, 1900
Photograph - South Aust. History

St Matthew's Church is an Anglican church in Kensington, an inner eastern suburb of Adelaide, South Australia. It is adjacent to Marryatville High School. The land for the church was donated in 1848 by the South Australia Company, who received it from George Brunskill. Brunskill had arrived in South Australia in 1839, leased and bought land and set up a brick making plant at Kensington. Private donations and some money from Bishop Short was enough to get the building started. Its foundation stone was laid in 1848 & St Matthew's was consecrated by Bishop August Short in 1849. The congregation and church was looked after by M.B. Hale until 1850 and for the next year by T.P. Wilson. John Watson was its incumbent from 1851 until 1855. From then on it was Edmund Jenkins who remained until 1888. W.A. Swan took over and was in charge until 1900 when R.W.G. Dempster took over until 1931. Harold Giles put in 26 years and T.J. Hayman, who replaced him in 1957 remained until 1966. After the first service held in 1849 the church was debt-free. Within ten years the church was enlarged with a gallery and in 1865 a vestry was added as well. The cemetery was officially closed in 1864. In the 1890s major improvements was made to the church.[Wikipedia, SA History]

Methodist Church, Clarendon, SA, 1920
Photograph - State Library SA

Royal Oak Hotel, Clarendon, SA, 1910
Photograph - Ernest Gall

Maughan Methodist Church, Adelaide, 1896
Photograph - State Library SA

William G. & Ellen Powell
Clarendon-Kangarilla
Photo - City of Onkaparinga

Ivy Myrtle Powell grave
Clarendon-Kangarilla Cemetery
Photo - City of Onkaparinga

Laurel Annie Powell grave
Clarendon-Kangarilla Cemetery
Photo - City of Onkaparinga

Robert & Louisa Powell grave
Clarendon-Kangarilla Cemetery
Photo - City of Onkaparinga

Robert Ronald Powell grave
Clarendon-Kangarilla Cemetery
Photo - City of Onkaparinga

Olive Ethel Powell grave
Clarendon-Kangarilla Cemetery
Photo - City of Onkaparinga

Frederick & Jane Powell grave
Clarendon-Kangarilla Cemetery
Photo - City of Onkaparinga

Clifford Edgar Powell grave
Clarendon-Kangarilla Cemetery
Photo - City of Onkaparinga

1.2.1.2. George William Powell, (s/o William George Powell, s/o George Powell, s/o James Powell) born 29/6/1850,[1,31,65,66,68,70,77] No.81 New Street (off Princes Road), Kennington,[66] Lambeth district, Co Surrey, England.[66,68,71] {Now known as Newburn Street.[55] Secondary sources [1,31,66] cite a DOB of 1851, however the registered year was 1850.[68] Since George appears in the 1851 census, taken 31/3/1851, it is impossible for him to have been born after that date} Baptised 4/11/1855, Holy Trinity, Clapham, Co Surrey, England,[65,77] by Rev. F. F. Mazuchelli.[77] Resided, 1851, with parents, Kennington 1st, Lambeth district, Co Surrey, England (0yo).[70] Died 14/9/1935, 'Oaklands', Gawler East, South Australia (85yo).[31,60,78,178] "Powell. On the 14th September, at his residence. "Oaklands", Gawler East, George William Powell, formerly of Tickera, aged 85 years. At rest.(Advertiser 16/9/1935)"[178] Buried 15/9/1935, Section 47, plot H2, Willaston Cemetery, South Australia, according to the rites of the Seventh Day Adventist Church.[78] Will probated 1935 & estate valued at £2,071.[179] Emigrated to Adelaide, South Australia, with parents, departing Southampton, England, 21/5/1856, arriving Port Adelaide 20/8/1856 on the "Eliza",[1,10,58] (Henry J. 34yo, Mary 32yo, George T. 7yo, Charles H. 4yo & Mary A. 1yo).[10,58] Married Susan Smith nee Potter, 29/10/1881, Wesleyan Parsonage, Pirie Street, Adelaide, South Australia.[27,31] George single, Susan previously married.[27] Susan, d/o James Potter & Elizabeth Constable, born 14/2/1847, Mount Barker, South Australia,[14,27,31] died 22/4/1927,[31,60] Tickera, South Australia (80yo),[60,78] & buried 23/4/1927, plot 865, Wallaroo Cemetery, South Australia.[78] Resided 1882-1887, Head of Morgan, South Australia.[14,31] Resided 1889, Willunga, South Australia.[14,31] Resided 1892, 1927, Tickera, near Wallaroo, South Australia.[14,31,60] Resided 1935, Gawler East, South Australia.[60]

Children of George William Powell & Susan Smith (nee Potter):

Henry Joseph Powell,[31] born 14/1/1880.[66] {No trace of birth in SA, NSW or Victorian BMD Index. Given DOB as stated by [66]. It is uncertain if Henry was an illegitimate son of George or a child of Susan's to a previous spouse &/or partner and was adopted by George or took his step-father's name} Died 22/6/1919, Perth, Western Australia,[62,180] Western Australia.[62,66] Buried 24/6/1919, Seventh Day Adventists section, Karrakatta Cemetery, Perth, Western Australia.[180]

"Powell-On, June 22. 1919, at Perth. Henry Joseph, the dearly beloved husband of Millicent Powell, and beloved eldest son of Mr. and Mrs. G. W. Powell, of Brucefield, Kadina, South Australia, and loving father of Vernon and Ethel, aged 39 years.
Powell-The Friends of the late Mr. Henry Joseph Powell, late of Middle Swan, are respectfully invited to follow his remains to the place of interment, the Seventh Day Adventists' portion of the Karrakatta Cemetery. The Funeral is appointed to leave the Private Mortuary of Donald J. Chipper and Son, 844 Hay-street, Perth, at 2.15 o'clock this (Tuesday) after noon. Friends wishing to attend the Funeral may proceed by the 3.30 o'clock train from Perth. Donald J. Chipper and Son, Funeral Directors, 844 Hay-street, Perth. Tel. A3232.(West Australian 24/6/1919)"[180]

Married Milicent A. V. Gardiner,[31,66] 1912, Leederville, Western Australia.[62]

Children: (a)		Vernon Alexandra Powell.[31,56,180]
(b)		Ethel M. Powell,[31,56,180] born 1916, Subiaco district, Perth, Western Australia.[62]
(c)		Cecil Raymond Powell,[31,56] born 1919, Swan district, Perth, Western Australia.[62]

ii.

Arthur William Powell, born 2/1/1882, Morgan, near Peterborough, South Australia.[14,31] Died 10/1931, Wyalkatchem, Northam, Western Australia.[31,62] Married Amy Matilda Smith, 10/2/1915, Canning, Western Australia.[31,62] Amy, d/o John Thomas Smith & Emma Amelia Davis,[41] born 1/1/1891, Toodyay, Western Australia,[31,41] & died 13/2/1983, Bickley, Western Australia.[31] Arthur & Amy were Seventh Day Adventist Missionaries in Tonga during the late 1910s & 1920s, before returning to Australia and settling at Wyalkatchem in the Western Australian wheatbelt.[31]

Children: (a)

Myrtle Rosemond Powell, born 26/3/1914, Tonga, South Pacific.[31] Died 13/4/1958, Newtown, Sydney, NSW, Australia.[22,31] Married Paisley J. Blackstock, 1933, Northam, Western Australia.[62] Married 2nd Mr Mann.[22] {Probably between 1936-1942, Western Australia} Married 3rd Francis Joseph Olander, 30/12/1942, Glebe, Sydney, NSW, Australia.[22,31] Francis born 18/3/1912, died 5/2/1967.[31]

Children: (1)		Colleen Frances Olander, born 8/4/1944.[31]
(2)		Allan Raymond Albert Olander, born 3/7/1946.[31] Married Eileen Ann Smith.[31] Married 2nd Frances White.[31]
(3)		Brendon John Olander, born 6/9/1949.[31] Married Anne Brand.[31] Married Sally Fletcher.[31]
(4)		Ronald Geoffrey Olander, born 19/4/1951.[31] Married Robyn Skelsey.[31]

(b)

Alvin Lloyd Powell, born 11/4/1917, Chatswood, Sydney, NSW, Australia.[22,31] Died 21/12/1978, Pinjarra, Western Australia.[31] Married Mary Cecilia Wallis, 22/11/1939.[31] Mary born 30/10/1916.[31]

Children: (1)		Maxine Cecilia Powell, born 5/4/1940.[31] Married Alistair Davidson.[31] Married 2nd George Darby.[31]
(2)		Hilary Therese Powell, born 23/10/1946.[31] Married Bill Watts.[31] Married 2nd Nicholas Moisley.[31]
(3)		Kevin Laurence Powell, born 11/11/1949.[31] Married Maureen Bell.[31]
(4)		Ronald Alvin Powell, born 1951.[31] Married Dallas Ann Carroll.[31] Dallas born 1951, died 2000.[31]

(c)

Vena Ivanella Powell, born 29/9/1919, Tonga, South Pacific.[31] Died 2/4/2005.[31,33]

(d)

Melva Amelia Powell, born 3/5/1922, Tonga, South Pacific.[31] Died 11/4/1966, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia.[31] Married George Watson Ray,[31] 1943, Hornsby, NSW, Australia.[22] George born 21/12/1918, died 1984, Cooranbong, NSW, Australia.[31]

Children: (1)		Robyn Melva Ray, born 19/2/1944.[31] Married Laurie James Evans.[31]
(2)		Margaret Lesley Ray, born 23/5/1946.[31] Died 1/1972, Canberra, ACT, Australia.[31]
(3)		Delmae Ray, born 8/5/1953.[31] Married Gary Hope.[31]

(e)

Milton Lorence Powell, born 10/3/1925, Tonga, South Pacific.[31] Married Daphne May Lee.[31] Daphne born 17/9/1927.[31]

Children: (1)

Vickie Jan Powell, born 25/8/1954.[31] Married Laurie Boyle.[31]

(f)

Elsa Mavis Powell, born 9/2/1927, Sydney, NSW, Australia.[31,33] Married Kenneth George Dyson.[31,33] Ken born 2/11/1929.[31]

Children: (a)		Owen Dyson, born 1956, Australia.[31,33] Married Helen Wrankmore.[31]
(b)		Errol Dyson, born 1958, Australia.[31,33] Married Sheryl Knapp.[31]
(c)		Chris Dyson, born 1960, Australia.[31,33] Married Karen Winter.[31]

(g)

Keith Allan Powell, born 27/9/1928, St Anthony's Hospital, Wyalkatchem, Northam, Western Australia.[31,62] Married Beryl Lillian Eaton, 8/7/1953.[31] Beryl born 21/6/1932, Manjimup, Western Australia.[31]

Children: (1)		Shelley June Powell, born 20/5/1954, Perth, Western Australia.[31] Married David Goddard.[31]
(2)		Carline Gai Powell, born 23/10/1955, Perth, Western Australia.[31] Married Dennis Humfrey.[31]
(3)		Vanda Joy Powell, born 28/11/1958, Perth, Western Australia.[31] Married John Esslemont.[31]
(4)		Tresna Lyn Powell, born 28/11/1958, Perth, Western Australia.[31] Married Murray John White.[31]

iii.

Robert Neptune Powell, born 6/9/1883, Head of Morgan, near Peterborough, South Australia.[14,31] Died 1948, Perth, Western Australia.[62]

"Commonwealth of Australia. The Bankruptcy Act, 1924-27, PART XI. In the Court of Bankruptcy. (District of Western Australia). In the Matter of the Bankruptcy Act. 1924-1927, and in the Matter of Robert Neptune Powell, Farmer, North Kellerberrin. Notice is hereby given that a Meeting of Creditors of Robert Neptune Powell, Farmer, North Kellerberrin, will be held at the Offices of A. K. West on and Co., Public Accountants, W.A. Trustee Buildings, St. George's-terrace, Perth, on Tuesday, the 10th day of April, 1929, at the hour of 3.30 o'clock in the afternoon. All Claims should be in my hands not later than Monday, 16th inst. Dated this 8th day of April, 1929. A. E. Weston, Agent for R. N. Powell. Albert E. Weston and Co., W.A. Trustee Buildings, St. George's-terrace, Perth.(West Australian 9/4/1929)"[181]
"Tenders Returnable at Kellerberrin. 1633/28. Avon Locations 18368, 26235, 16378, being the whole of the land comprised in leases 36169/55, 36168/55 and C. Grant Vol. 1004, Fol. 815, standing in the name of Robert Neptune Powell, containing 960.5 acres, situated 15 miles south of Nembudding, described as 550 acres first-class salmon gum and gimlet, 235 acres second-class jam and York gum. Balance sand plain. 660 acres cleared. Watered by soaks. 70 chains rabbit netting and 62 chains 3 wires fence. Humpy. Subject to Cropping Lease expiring 28/2/36.(West Australian 12/4/1935)"[182]

Married Mary Elizabeth Powell (see elsewhere), 2/12/1907, Nailsworth, South Australia.[27,31] Marriage at residence of Edwin S. Butz.[27] Both single.[27] Mary, d/o James & Louisa Powell, died 1961, Perth, Western Australia (79yo).[62]

Children: (a)

Dolly Marie Powell, born 14/8/1910, Nailsworth, Adelaide, South Australia.[61] Died 1912, Blackwood, Western Australia.[62]

(b)

Vera Roberta Powell,[31] born 1914, Perth, Western Australia.[62] Married Cyril Were.[31]

Children: (1)

Leone Were.[31]

(c)

Hartley Neptune Powell, born 13/4/1918,[31] Northam, Western Australia.[62] Married Dorothy Joan Carroll, 21/1/1942.[31] Dorothy born 20/1/1923.[31]

Children: (1)		Gwendolyn Margaret Powell, born 17/8/1943.[31] Married Svein Gerhard Tobiassen.[31] Married 2nd John Leonard Goodwin.[31]
(2)		Glenyse Dawn Powell, born 28/2/1946.[31] Married James Walton Garnett.[31]
(3)		Margaret Ann Powell, born 2/7/1949.[31] Married David John Garrett.[31]
(4)		Wendy Rose Powell, born 13/12/1953.[31] Married David Leonard Mustart.[31]
(5)		Lorraine Gail Powell, born 3/11/1954.[31] Married Robert George Robinson.[31]

(d)

Walter Robert Powell, born 13/4/1918,[31] Northam, Western Australia.[62] Died 27/1/1992.[31]

(e)

Elizabeth Powell,[31] born 1919, Northam, Western Australia.[62] Died 1919, Northam, Western Australia (stillborn).[62]

iv.

Caroline Powell, born 27/8/1885, Head of Morgan, near Peterborough, South Australia.[14,31,32] Died 23/4/1937, Gawler, South Australia (51yo).[60]

"Codling—On the 23rd April, at Gawler, Caroline, beloved wife of Walter Codling, of Williamstown aged 51 years.(Advertiser 24/4/1937)"[183]
"Codling—The friends of Mr Walter Codling, of Williamstown. are respectfully informpd that the Funeral of his late wife Caroline will leave 2 Tod street, Gawler, on Saturday, at 3.30 p.m.. for the Willaston Cemetery. Taylor & Forgie, Undertakers, Gawler. Phone 27.(Advertiser 24/4/1937)"[184]

Married Walter Codling.[31,32] {No trace of marriage or birth of earlier children in South Australia, NSW, WA or Victoria} Pensioner, 1943.[211] Resided 1937, 1943, Williamstown, South Australia.[60,211]

Children: (a)		Hilda Codling.[31,32]
(b)		Phyllis Codling.[31,32] Married Wallace Ferguson.[31]
(c)		Etma Hope Emma Jones Codling,[31,32] born 5/7/1923, Rose Park, Adelaide, South Australia.[61] Married Vigil.[31]

James Thomas Powell, born 30/5/1887, Head of Morgan, South Australia.[14,31] Married Myrtle Speck.[31] {Family left South Australia before James' marriage. No trace of family in either NSW, WA or Victoria}

Children: (a)

Max Powell.[31]

vi.

George Frederick Powell, born 29/6/1889, Willunga, South Australia.[14,31] Married Ivy Adelaide Manners,[31] 6/8/1924, Tickera, South Australia.[27] Both single.[27] Marriage at residence of J. H. Manners.[27] Ivy, d/o Stephen Henry Manners & Sarah Ann Harrison, born 21/3/1894,[14,27] Tickera, South Australia.[27]

Children: (a)		Donavon Henry Powell,[31] born 10/9/1925, Kadina, South Australia.[61]
(b)		Lawrence Vivian Powell,[31] born 21/10/1926, Kadina, South Australia.[61]
(c)		Audrey Patricia Powell,[31] born 17/4/1928, Kadina, South Australia.[61]
(d)		Rhonda Powell.[31]
(e)		Margaret Powell.[31]

vii.

Maud Powell, born 15/9/1892, Tickera, South Australia.[14,31] Died 9/6/1976, South Australia.[66] Home duties, 1943.[211] Married Stephen Henry Manners, 3/11/1914, Seventh Day Adventist Church, Kadina, South Australia.[27,31] Both single.[27] Stephen, s/o Stephen Henry Manners & Sarah Ann Harrison, born 1889,[27] died 6/10/1947, Tickera, South Australia (58yo).[185] "Manners—On October 6. at his residence. Tickera, Stephen Henry, dearly beloved husband of Maud Manners and loving father of Ruth, Gordon, Leslie, David, Lorna, Kelvin, Henry and Paul. Aged 58 years.(Advertiser 7/10/1947)"[185] Labourer, 1943.[211] Resided 1943, Tickera, South Australia.[211]

Children: (a)		Ruth Irene Manners,[31] born 15/9/1915, Kadina, South Australia.[61] Home duties, 1943.[211] Unmarried, 1943.[211] Resided 1943, Tickera, South Australia.[211]
(b)		Gordon Kenneth Manners,[31] born 1/3/1917, Tickera, South Australia.[61] Fisherman, 1943.[211] Resided 1943, Tickera, South Australia.[211]
(c)		Alwyn Leslie Manners,[31] born 23/1/1919, Tickera, near Wallaroo, South Australia.[61] Fisherman, 1943.[211] Resided 1943, Tickera, South Australia.[211]
(d)		David Ronald Manners,[31] born 26/11/1920, Tickera, near Wallaroo, South Australia.[61] Fisherman, 1943.[211] Resided 1943, Tickera, South Australia.[211]
(e)		Lorna Millicent Manners,[31] born 26/11/1920, Tickera, near Wallaroo, South Australia.[61]
(f)		Kelvin Murray Manners,[31] born 16/3/1924, Tickera, near Wallaroo, South Australia.[61]
(g)		Paul Manners.[31]
(h)		Henry Stephen Manners,[31] born 31/10/1927, Tickera, near Wallaroo, South Australia.[61]
(i)		Don Manners.[31]

Wesleyan Church & manse, Pirie St, Adelaide, 1864
Photograph - B. Goode

Yongala, SA, 1925
Photograph - State Library SA

Yongala, SA, 2006
Photograph - State Library SA

Wesleyean Church, Pirie Street, Adelaide. The Pilgrim Church traces its roots back to Adelaide‘s early Wesleyans and Congregationalists. A Wesleyan chapel in Pirie Street was opened in 1851 and became known as the Pirie Street Methodist Church. Stow Memorial Congregational Church, in Flinders Street, was dedicated in 1867. The two churches were back-to-back and were divided by a high stone wall with a locked gate. During the 1960s the two congregations began a dialogue which led to a decision in 1969 to become "Union Church in the City." The name was changed to Pilgrim Church with the inauguration of the Uniting Church in Australia. During the early 1970s the Adelaide City Council decided to compulsorily acquire the Pirie Street property and the church building was demolished. All that remains is the former Pirie Street hall, which the Council hires out for meetings. When the Pirie Street Church was demolished significant memorial plaques, stained glass windows, wood panelling from the pulpit and the large organ were moved to the Stow Church building, along with the people.[Pilgrim Church] Location of Head of Morgan is uncertain, however according to a 1885 newspaper report it was located 7 (about 11km) miles from Petersburg (Peterborough). It was the site of a well which was drilled that year, at a depth of 377ft & delivering 1500 gallons an hour.[Trove] The hamlet Yongala lies 7 miles south-west from Peterborough. 'Head of Morgan' is presumably the present day Morganvale, a farm just outside of Yongala. Yongala is a small town located, about 11km south of Peterborough, in South Australia. It currently has a population of approximately 80 people. It was proclaimed a town on May 23rd 1876. Within 5 years the town would grow from a single tent and iron shed to 86 houses and a population of 353. The town developed because it was felt that the railways would come through the town but the swift development of Peterborough as an important railway junction in the late 1890s was a sign that Yongala was not destined to develop into the big town that everyone had envisaged.[Wikipedia, Peterborough]

Former Methodist Church, Tickera, SA
Photograph - Google StreetView

Opening Tickera War Memorial, 1920
Photograph - State Library SA

'Oaklands', Galwer, SA, 1872
Photograph - State Library SA

Tickera is a small coastal town some 20 kilometres by road north of Wallaroo. Surveyed in 1882 the town developed slowly with very few blocks bought in the first sale in September of that year. The town never grew as anticipated when the original call for a small town in the area was made. A school opened briefly in 1887, but the first teacher, Frederick Filsell, resigned on 30 September of the same year. The new teacher, Sarah Pascoe, was not appointed until May 1892. The school closed in 1933. A Methodist Church was built in 1889. The Tickera Hotel opened in September 1884, with Charles Alford as the first publican. The hotel closed in October 1905 when it was purchased by the temperance movement. By the early 1970s land at Tickera was being taken up by people looking for holiday homes and a congenial location for retirement. Nearly 100 years after it was declared Tickera was finally enjoying a small boom.[SA Memory] Oaklands, 8 McKinlay Ave, Gawler East. Historically, this building is significant having been the residence of two of South Australia's leading personalities: James Pile, a pastoralist and his son-in-law John McKinlay, the explorer who led the South Australian Burke relief expedition which successfully crossed the continent from south to north in 1851/62. Architecturally, the building is a fine example of the grand gentleman's residence and has fine examples of architectural skills. A single storey, return verandah, villa with imposing portico and pediment. The portico has Roman arched entry. Verandah has a concave roof. Windows have timber shutters. Built of random course bluestone with long and short stop stone quoins. Roof is constructed of shingles with verandah constructed of corrugated Iron. Portico and pediment stucco finished.[Australian Heritage Database]

Robert, James (B),
Harry & Arthur (F)
Powell, c.1920
Owen Dyson

Vernon, Ethel & Cecil Powell, c.1920
Photograph - Carline Humfery

Tonga
Photograph - Neil Rabinowitz

Missionary, Tonga, early 1900s
Photograph - Tonga Tourism

Tonga is officially the Kingdom of Tonga, an archipelago in the South Pacific Ocean, comprising 176 islands scattered over 700,000 square kilometres of ocean in the South Pacific. Fifty-two of the islands are inhabited. Tonga also became known as the Friendly Islands because of the friendly reception accorded to Captain James Cook on his first visit there in 1773. He happened to arrive at the time of an important festival and received an invitation to the festivities. It has been claimed that in reality the chiefs had wanted to kill Cook during the gathering, but could not agree on a plan. Tonga is also the only island nation in the region to have avoided formal colonisation. Tonga was colonised around 1500–1000 BC. By the 12th century Tongans had a reputation across the central Pacific leading some historians to speak of a 'Tongan Empire'. In the 15th century and again in the 17th, civil war erupted. Into this situation the first European explorers arrived, beginning in 1616 with Dutch explorers, and in 1643 with Abel Tasman. In 1845 Taufa'ahau united Tonga into a kingdom. In 1875, with the help of missionary Shirley Waldemar Baker, he declared Tonga a constitutional monarchy, formally adopted the western royal style, emancipated the "serfs", enshrined a code of law, land tenure, and freedom of the press, and limited the power of the chiefs. Tonga became a British-protected state under a Treaty of Friendship in 1900. While exposed to colonial pressures, Tonga has never lost indigenous governance, a fact that makes Tonga unique in the Pacific.[Wikipedia]

Arthur William & Amy Matilda Powell, 1915

Arthur & Amy Powell
Owen Dyson (1915)

Main Street, Wyalkatchem, WA
Photograph - WebShots

Alvin, Keith & Milton Powell, c.1940
Photograph - Carline Humfery

Keith & Beryl Powell
Carline Humfery (1953)

Wyalkatchem is at the centre of Western Australia's wheat belt, about 200 kilometres northeast of Perth. The town is thought to have been named after the Wyalkatchem Tank which was built by sandalwood cutters in 1881. Wyalkatchem is in some of Western Australia's best wildflower country. The town lies on the old Goldfields Track, the route taken by fortune seekers making their way toward Kalgoorlie Boulder. When the extension of the railway east from Dowerin was planned in 1908 land was set aside for a future townsite in the area of Wyalcatchem Tank. The route of the railway and site for a station was not fixed until 1910, and action followed to then fix the position of the townsite and survey town lots. Following the survey of the lots the townsite was gazetted spelt Wyalkatchem in 1911. When the railway from Dowerin opened in 1911, Wyalkatchem was a minor siding only, but its importance grew when it was selected as the turnout point for a branch line leading north and then east to the Mount Marshall district. Thus a small village quickly blossomed on the town site. Wyalkatchem is an Aboriginal name first recorded for a waterhole spelt Walkatching in the 1870s. The spelling Walcatching was used in 1881 when the Toodyay Road Board referred to a tank to be built there, and when the road from Northam to the Yilgarn Goldfield was surveyed in 1892 the spelling Wyalcatchem was used for the tank.[Wikipedia, Tourist Australia]

Elsa, Melva, Vena & Amy Powell, c.1940
Photograph - Carline Humfery

Main Street, Kellerberrin, WA, 1970
Photograph - National Archives

Fitzgerald Street, Northam, WA, 1907
Photograph - E. G. Rome

Kellerberrin is a town in the Wheatbelt region of Western Australia, 205 kilometres east of Perth on the Great Eastern Highway. The railway line from Northam to Southern Cross was constructed through the town in 1893-1894, and this section opened for traffic in 1895. Kellerberrin was one of the original stations when the line opened. By 1898 there was a demand for small blocks of land in the area, and the government surveyed a number of 20-acre lots the same year. The area was gazetted as Kellerberrin townsite in 1901, and the government soon made more land available for settlers. Early settlers from 1890 to 1910 from Ireland settled in the area of Kellerberrin and Wittem. The name Kellerberrin is Aboriginal, and is derived from the name of a nearby hill. The hill was first recorded as "Killaburing Hill" by an explorer in 1861, but in 1864 the explorer Charles Hunt recorded it as Kellerberrin Hill. One source claims that Kellerberrin is the name for the fierce ants that are found in the area, while another gives it as meaning "camping place near where rainbow birds are found" - kalla means camping place or place of, and berrin berrin is the rainbow bird.[Wikipedia] Northam is a town in Western Australia, situated at the confluence of the Avon and Mortlock Rivers, about 97 kilometres north-east of Perth in the Avon Valley. With a population of slightly over 6,000 as of 2001, Northam is the largest inland town in the state not founded on mining. The area around Northam was first explored in 1830 by a party of colonists led by Ensign Robert Dales, who were looking for suitable agricultural lands, and subsequently settled in 1833. It was named by Governor Stirling, probably after a village of the same name in Devon, England. Almost immediately it became a point of departure for explorers and settlers who were interested in the lands which lay to the east. This initial importance declined with the growing importance of the other nearby towns of York and Beverley, but the arrival of the railway made Northam the major departure point for fossickers and miners who headed east towards the goldfields.[Wikipedia, WA Vista]

Vera Roberta
Powell, 1930
Carline Humfery

Caroline Codling (Powell)
& friend
Photo - Carline Humfery

Hilda, Phyllis &
Etma Codling, c.1924
Photo - Carline Humfery

Gawler, SA, c.1869
Photograph - Samuel Sweet

Gawler is the first country town in the state of South Australia, and is named after the second Governor of the colony of South Australia, George Gawler. It is located 44 km north of the state capital, Adelaide, and is close to the major wine producing district of the Barossa Valley. Gawler lies at the confluence of two tributaries of the Gawler River, the North and South Para rivers, where they emerge from a range of low hills. Gawler was established through a 4000 acre "special survey" applied for by Henry Dundas Murray and John Reid and a syndicate of ten other colonists. The town plan was devised by the colonial surveyor William Light, and was the only town planned by him other than Adelaide. William Jacob used Light's plans and laid out the town. Gawler prospered early with the discovery of copper nearby at Kapunda and Burra, which resulted in Gawler becoming a resting stop to and from Adelaide. Later, it developed industries including flour milling and manufacturing steam locomotives.[Wikipedia, Gawler]

Funeral cortege, Tod St, Gawler, 1900
Photograph - Phillip Marchant

7th Day Adventist Church, Kadina, SA
Photograph - Google StreetView

Taylor Street, Kadina, SA, 1905
Photograph - State Library SA

Kadina is a town located on the Yorke Peninsula of South Australia, approximately 144 kilometres north-northwest of Adelaide. The largest town of the Peninsula, Kadina is one of the three Copper Triangle towns famous for their shared copper mining history. The three towns are known as "Little Cornwall" for the significant number of immigrants from Cornwall that worked at the mines in the late 19th century. At the 2006 census, Kadina had a population of 4,000. The name "Kadina" is thought to be derived from Kadiyinya, an (indigenous) Narungga tribe word meaning 'Lizard Plain'. The land that was to hold Kadina was surveyed in 1861 after copper was discovered at the site known as Wallaroo Mines (just southwest of today's Kadina town), by settlers who apparently saw wombats throwing copper to the surface. Exceptional amounts of copper were found in the following years. Copper was also found in large amounts at the nearby Matta mine. The discovery of copper attracted many highly experienced Cornish miners to Kadina. The population of Kadina increased to 4,236 by 1875, mostly composed of Cornish miners. In 1872, Kadina became a municipality and in 1878, a train line opened, connecting Kadina to Wallaroo and Bute (also on the Yorke Peninsula). This rail line fell into disuse and was closed down in 1989. Mining was completely stopped in 1938. The town today consists of important historical colonial and federation buildings gathered around Victoria Square. Kadina and its surrounds are experiencing some minor growth due to the Copper Cove housing development at Wallaroo. Kadina exists in a semi-arid location, above Goyder's Line. Kadina is surrounded by mallee scrub. Kadina's surrounds are used for growing barley,wheat and other crops such as legumes, canola, chickpeas and field peas. Barley and wheat from the region is considered to be some of the best in the world.[Wikipedia]

1.2.1.3. Robert Neptune Powell,[22] (s/o William George Powell, s/o George Powell, s/o James Powell) born 29/10/1851,[1,30,31,65,66,68,77] Rotten Row,[1,30,31,66] Lambeth district Co Surrey, England.[68] Baptised 4/11/1855, Holy Trinity, Clapham, Co Surrey, England,[65,77] by Rev. F. F. Mazuchelli.[77] Died 25/8/1936, Yearinga, Victoria, Australia (85yo).[1,29,155] Farmer.[1,156]

"Kaniva-Mr R N Powell has died aged 85 years. He leaves a widow, six sons, three daughters 43 grandchildren and five great grandchildren.(Argus 3/9/1936)"[155]
In the Supreme Court of New South Wales.-Probate Jurisdiction. In the Will and Codicil of Robert Neptune Powell late of Yearinga In the State of Victoria Farmer deceased.-Application will be made after fourteen days from publication hereof that the Probate of, the Will and Codicil of the abovenamed deceased (which said Will and Codicil are dated the 1st March 1917 and the 1st April 1936 respectively) granted by the Supreme Court of Victoria In Its Probate jurisdiction on the thirteenth day of November 1936 to George Henry Powell and Arthur Robert Powell {brothers} two of the Executors named In the said Will (Ellen Powell the Executrix named therein having renounced Probate) may be sealed with the Seal of this Court and all notices may be served at the undermentioned address. All creditors In the Estate of the said deceased are hereby required to send In particulars of their claims to the undersigned. Laurence L. Henderson, Solicitor. Narrandera. Agent for C. C. Macmillan, Proctor. Kaniva.(SMH 10/5/1937)"[156]
"Notice is hereby given that Scrip Certificate No 4608 in the name of Robert N Powell, deceased, late of Yearinga, for 10 shares in the Victorian Producers Co-operative Company Limited has been lost or destroyed and it is the intention of the Executor(s) to apply to the Company for issue or a duplicate certificate.(Argus 5/8/1950)"[157]

Married Ellen Craythorne,[22] 12/9/1876, Naracoorte, South Australia.[1,27,30,31] Marriage at residence of Thomas Craythorne.[27] Both single.[27] Ellen, d/o Thomas Craythorne & Elizabeth Marshall, born 12/7/1857, Companys Tiers, Adelaide, South Australia,[1,14,27] & died 29/10/1939, Kaniva, Victoria, Australia.[1] Resided 1876, 1877, 1879, 1881, Naracoorte, South Australia.[1,14,27,30] Resided 1883, 1885, 1887, Lillimur, Victoria, Australia.[1,29,30] Resided 1889, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.[1,29,30] Resided 1936, Yearinga, Victoria, Australia.[1]

Children of Robert Neptune Powell & Ellen Craythorne:

Ellen Powell, born 8/12/1877, Naracoorte, South Australia.[1,14,30] Died 1945,[1,30,66] Kaniva, Victoria, Australia (63yo).[29] Married Albert Austin, 1903, Victoria, Australia.[29] Albert, s/o George Austin & Phyllis Skinner, born 1876, South Australia,[29] & died 1952, Kaniva, Victoria, Australia (76yo).[29]

Children: (a)		Horace Albert Austin, born 1905, Kaniva, Victoria, Australia.[29] Died 1972, Warrambul, Victoria, Australia (67yo).[29]
(b)		Reginald Robert Austin, born 1907, Kaniva, Victoria, Australia.[29] Died 1975, Kaniva, Victoria, Australia (68yo).[29]

ii.

Elizabeth Caroline Powell, born 14/3/1879, Naracoorte, South Australia.[1,14,30] Died 1944,[1] Kaniva, Victoria, Australia.[29] Married George Henry Barras, 1910, Victoria, Australia.[29] George, s/o John Barras & Alice Lowry, born 1877, South Australia,[29] died 1963, Kaniva, Victoria, Australia (86yo).[29]

Children: (a)		Doreen Mavis Ellen Barras, born 1911, Kaniva, Victoria, Australia.[29] Died 1980, Nhil, Victoria, Australia.[29] Married Mr. Laverty.[29]
(b)		Rita Beryl Barras, born 1912 Kaniva, Victoria, Australia.[29]

iii.

Arthur Robert Powell, born 26/5/1881, Naracoorte, South Australia.[1,14,30] Died 1966, Narrandera, NSW, Australia.[22] Married Elsie May Young, 1907, Victoria, Australia.[29]

Children: (a)		Marshall Norris Powell, born 1/6/1908, Norwood, Adelaide, South Australia.[61] Married Dorothy J. L. Jameson, 1933, Hurstville, Sydney, NSW, Australia.[22]
(b)		Arthur Leonard Young Powell, born 1909, Lillimur, Victoria, Australia.[29] Married Ellen Warburton, 1939, Canterbury, Sydney, NSW, Australia.[22]
(c)		Mavis Stella Powell, born 1911, Lillimur, Victoria, Australia.[29]

iv.

William Thomas Powell, born 1883, Lillimur, Victoria, Australia.[1,29,30] Died 1937, Narrandera, NSW, Australia.[22] Married Edith Florence Emily Flavel, 1/11/1910, Methodist Mission Hall, Pinnaroo, South Australia.[27] Both single.[27] Edith, d/o James Flavel & Emily Stagg, born 22/6/1886, Crystal Brook, South Australia.[14,27]

Children: (a)		Kenneth Mellvile Powell, born 20/8/1911, Pinnaroo, South Australia.[61] Married Mary Jean Hazelman, 1944, Narrandera, NSW, Australia.[22]
(b)		Sylvia Marjory Powell, born 8/3/1913, Pinnaroo, South Australia.[61] Married Frederick W. Gawne, 1934, Narrandera, NSW, Australia.[22]
(c)		Vera May Powell, born 5/4/1914, Pinnaroo, South Australia.[61] Married Norman T. McNeill, 1933, Narrandera, NSW, Australia.[22]
(d)		Lauree Jean Powell, born 5/4/1914, Pinnaroo, South Australia.[61] Married William H. Stuart, 1933, Narrandera, NSW, Australia.[22]
(e)		Ivy Doreen Powell, born 13/7/1915, Pinnaroo, South Australia.[61]
(f)		Linda Florence Powell, born 6/9/1916, Pinnaroo, South Australia.[61] Married Clifford John Guymer, 1944, Narrandera, NSW, Australia.[22]
(g)		Joyce Isabel Powell, born 10/9/1918, Pinnaroo, South Australia.[61] Married Francis Winston Thompson, 1951, Narrandera, NSW, Australia.[22]
(h)		Mavis Edna Powell, born 10/12/1919, Pinnaroo, South Australia.[61] Married Clarence Roy Mayne, 1942, Narrandera, NSW, Australia.[22]
(i)		Beryl Grace Powell, born 21/6/1921, Pinnaroo, South Australia.[61] Married John William Wisbey, 1946, Narrandera, NSW, Australia.[22]

George Henry Powell, born 1885, Lillimur, Victoria, Australia.[1,29,30] Died 1967, Hamilton, Victoria, Australia (81yo).[1,29,30] Married Alice Winifred Foster, 25/4/1913, Robe, South Australia.[27] Marriage at residence of John Foster, near Robe, South Australia.[27] Both single.[27] Alice, d/o John Edward Foster & Janet Jeffrey, born 16/7/1888, Robe, South Australia.[14,27]

Children: (a)

Jack Wesley Powell, born 15/12/1913, Near Bordertown, South Australia.[61]

vi.

Florence Theresa Powell, born 1887, Lillimur, Victoria, Australia.[1,29,30] Died 1981.[1] Married William Henry Hotspur Murray Williams, 1916, Victoria, Australia.[29]

Children: (a)		Dardanella Elma Williams, born 1916, Kaniva, Victoria, Australia.[29]
(b)		Elva Florence Williams, born 19/8/1917, Charleston, South Australia.[61]

vii.

Henry Ernest Powell, born 1889, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.[1,29,30] Died 1966,[1,22] Narrandera, NSW, Australia.[22] Married Florence Adeline Reynolds, 1910, Victoria, Australia.[29]

Children: (a)		Eleanor Winifred Powell, born 1911, Daylesford, Victoria, Australia.[29]
(b)		Ernest Richard Powell, born 1920, Daylesford, Victoria, Australia.[29]

viii.

Horace Marshall Powell, born 1891, Victoria.[1,29,30] Died 1979, Nhill, Victoria, Australia (87yo).[1,29] Married Phyllis Burt.[66]

ix.

Ray Elliott Powell, born 1894, Victoria, Australia.[1,29,30] Died 1979, Geelong, Victoria, Australia (85yo).[1,29] Married Rita D. Merrett,[66] after 1917.[158] Presbyterian, 1917.[158] Farmer, 1917.[158] Enlisted 29/3/1917, Australian Imperial Force, Field Artillery Brigade, 32nd Reinforcement, rank of gunner, service number 38526.[158] Embarked from Melbourne, 26/11/1917 on the 'Indarra', returned to Australia 3/5/1919.[158] At the time of enlistment was 23yo, resided Lillimur, Victoria, Australia and next of kin was given as his father, Robert Neptune Powell, of Lillimur, Victoria, Australia.[158]

Naracoorte, SA, 1880
Photograph - State Library SA

Former Post Office, Lillimur, Victoria
Photograph - Stampboards

Kaniva, Victoria
Photograph - Kaniva

Naracoorte (population 4,888 in 2001) is a town in the Limestone Coast region of South Australia, approximately 336 kilometres south east of Adelaide and 100 kilometres north of Mount Gambier. Naracoorte was formed from the merger of two towns, Kincraig, founded in 1845 by Scottish explorer William Macintosh, and Narracoorte, established as a government settlement in 1847. The name has gone through a number of spellings, and is believed to be derived from the Aboriginal words for place of running water or large waterhole. It grew during the 1850s as a service town for people going to and from the Victorian gold rush. The Post Office opened on 22 March 1853 and was known as Mosquito Plains until 1861. The town has historically relied largely on sheep, cattle and wheat farming. In recent decades, tourism has become a major industry with the promotion of the World Heritage-listed Naracoorte Caves National Park and the internationally-recognised wetland, Bool Lagoon. It also receives a substantial number of visitors due to its proximity to the Coonawarra, Wrattonbully, and Padthaway wine regions, plus many smaller local vineyards.[Wikipedia] Kaniva is a small service centre which promotes itself as 'Victoria's Premier Smaller Town'. It is a wool-and-wheat service town of some 900 people located 18 km from the South Australian border, 414 km north-west of Melbourne on the Western Highway between Melbourne and Adelaide. The town also has a cement works. The main street is divided by a large central plantation and lined with old buildings and verandah-fronted pubs. Squatter Heighway Jones of South Australia discovered the country around Kaniva in 1845. He claims to have had sheep grazing here by 1846 and the Tattyara run was gazetted in 1851. The homestead was only a few kilometres from the present townsite. Tattyara was named after the Tyatyalla Aborigines who inhabited the district. The first township in the area was Lawloit which developed in the 1860s. The first selector arrived in 1875 and many others followed, particularly from 1879. They established wheat farms and 'mullenised' the land, which is to say it was cleared with a red-gum roller invented by a South Australian named Mullens. Three metres long and one metre in diameter it was hauled over the land by a team of 10 bullocks. This process squashed the mallee trees, after which the land was burnt then ploughed. The township of Lillimur South developed in the late 1870s and was soon followed by Lillimur North. Another settlement, initially named 'Budjik', as it was situated on Budjik Hill, began to develop when a flour mill and grain shed was built there in 1881. The opening of a post office on the site in April 1882 saw the nascent town officially change its name to Kaniva. The word's origins are uncertain. It may derive from Kinnivie in Durham, England or from an Aboriginal word. Several stores, two hotels, a mechanics institute, a school, a Wesleyan church and numerous businesses soon followed so that a thriving country town quickly developed while Lawloit and the two Lillimurs went into decline, much to the resentment of their inhabitants. Kaniva was gazetted in 1885 and benefited further from the arrival of the railway in 1886.[Kaniva, SMH]

Methodist Church, Pinnaroo, SA, c.1930
Photograph - State Library SA

Settlers, Pinnaroo, SA, c.1910
Photograph - Mallee Bound

East Street, Narrandera, NSW, 1946
Photograph - State Library NSW

Pinnaroo is a town in the Murray Mallee region of South Australia, near the border with Victoria 243 km east of Adelaide. Pinnaroo is on the Mallee Highway, and the railway line between Tailem Bend and Ouyen. The roadhouses on the highway are the first food and leg-stretch stop on the bus route from Adelaide to Sydney. The town's name is derived from "big man" in a local Aboriginal language. The district was first farmed in the late part of the 1800's. However, it was not until 1906, that viable farming activities came into existence due to the introduction of rail services and pioneering families moving into the district and permanently settling. Settlement of the district began in earnest in 1904, after the Pinnaroo Railway Act had been passed by the South Australian Parliament in 1903. Land had been sold for wheat-farming around Pinnaroo in 1895, but most of those who purchased land abandoned it because it was impossible to cart wheat to market across nearly a hundred kilometres of sandy country to the nearest railway at Tailem Bend. Apart from those areas in close proximity to the Murray River and its river steamers, this was the first land offered for wheat-farming in the Murray Mallee Region, and it was isolated by vast tracts of unoccupied scrub in all directions. The railway was completed in June 1906. Between 1904 and 1907 vast areas of land were taken up. The wheat crops produced exceeded the expectations of the District's staunchest advocates. The land along the railway, settled between 1905 and 1907, is light loamy country with some sandhills. Originally it was used almost exclusively for wheat; but sheep were introduced in the 1920s, and between 1935 and 1950 there was a massive swing from wheat to barley. Pinnaroo township is located on the site of one of the original pastoral leases. It began to develop in earnest in the 1900s, as the coming of the railway attracted more and more settlers to the area. The first shop was opened in 1905, and the first bank, hotel and school were all established in the following year. Today Pinnaroo is a town with some 620 residents who enjoy up-to-date facilities for shopping, sports and health welfare.[Southern Mallee, Wikipedia] The first Methodist Church in Pinnaroo was built of pug and pine by Messrs. Gerhard Kraehenbuehl and Wilhelm Lehmann in 1906. The building was later sheathed in iron. A second church was built in 1916.[State Library SA] Narrandera is a town in southern New South Wales, Australia. It is an important destination for travellers as it lies on the junction of the Newell and Sturt Highways and it is the gateway to the productive Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area. At the 2006 census, Narrandera had a population of 3,961 people. Narrandera is a River Town with a rich heritage. Captain Charles Sturt, the famous explorer, is credited with being the first white man to observe the area that later was to become known as Narrandera. However Sturt, who passed through the district in 1829, was not the first explorer to cast eyes on the Murrumbidgee River. The upper Murrumbidgee, the "Big Water", was first discovered in 1821, by Charles Throsby. The name Narrandera is probably derived from Wiradjuri nharrang, meaning "frill-necked lizard". Narrandera had its first recorded mention as a pastoral station or "run" (Narrandera Run) in 1848, at which time the property held by Mr Edward Flood comprised approximately 76,800 acres. The township developed in the early 1860s. Gillinbah Post Office opened nearby in 1859 and was replaced by the Narrandera office in 1861. A Gillenbah office was open from 1881 to 1892 and from 1906 to 1941. The Borough of Narrandera was constituted by proclamation dated 17 March 1885, and gazetted the following day.[Wikipedia]

1.2.1.4. James Thomas Templer Powell, (s/o William George Powell, s/o George Powell, s/o James Powell) born 8/5/1853,[1,30,31,65,66,68,77] Clapham,[1,30,31,66] Lambeth district, Co Surrey, England.[68] {Secondary sources [1,30,31,66] cite a DOB of 1854, however the registered year was 1853.[68]} Baptised 4/11/1855, Holy Trinity, Clapham, Co Surrey, England,[65,77] by Rev. F. F. Mazuchelli.[77] Died after 4/8/1913 (was administrator of his brother's will, Henry Joseph Powell.[5]) Possibly died 1934, Northam, Western Australia.[62] Gardener & carter.[1] Orchardist and vintner.[66] Married Louisa Pauline Augusta Grotz/Gross, 1/9/1877, St Luke, Adelaide, South Australia.[1,27,31] Both single.[27] Louisa, d/o William Frederick Gross, born before 1856.[27] Resided Clarendon, Balhannah & Glenelg, South Australia.[1]

Children of James Thomas Templer Powell & Louisa Pauline Augusta Grotz/Gross:

James William Powell, born 28/6/1878, Clarendon, South Australia.[1,14] {Mother Grosz} Died 1952, Sussex, Western Australia.[62] Married Elizabeth P. Blandy, 1906, Blackwood, Western Australia.[62] Elizabeth died 1951, Blackwood, Western Australia.[62]

ii.

Frederick Herrmann Grosz Powell, born 18/7/1879, Clarendon, South Australia.[1,14] Died 1932, Woollahra, Sydney, NSW, Australia.[22] Married Lydia Ann Pyle, 1904, Sydney, NSW, Australia.[22] Lydia, d/o William, died 1967, Sydney, NSW, Australia.[22]

Children: (a)		George Hermann Powell, born 1906, Sydney, NSW, Australia.[22] Died 1954, Sydney, NSW, Australia.[22] Married Josephine Lucy Conway, 1926, North Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.[22] Josephine, d/o Joseph & Emily, died 1972, St Leonards, Sydney, NSW, Australia.[22]
(b)		Ida Maud Powell, born 1908, Sydney, NSW, Australia.[22] Died 1972, St Leonards, Sydney, NSW, Australia.[22] Married Allan B. Turner, 1932, Sydney, NSW, Australia.[22]

iii.

Auguste 'Goot' Caroline Powell, born 22/1/1881, Clarendon, South Australia.[1,14] {Mother Graez} Died 1928, Northam, Western Australia.[62] Married James Herbert Piggott, 27/1/1904, Methodist Parsonage, Glenelg, South Australia.[27] Both single.[27] James, s/o Stephen Piggott & Sarah Ann Braley, born 14/10/1880, Clarendon, South Australia,[14,27] died 1964, Katanning, Western Australia (56yo).[62]

Children: (a)

Edna May Piggott, born 18/12/1904, Clarendon, South Australia.[14] Married Alexander H. Jones, 1924, Northam, Western Australia.[62]

iv.

Mary Elizabeth Powell, born 17/7/1882, Clarendon, South Australia.[1,14,31] {Mother Grohs} Married Robert Neptune Powell (2nd cousin), 2/12/1907, Nailsworth, South Australia.[27,31] Marriage at residence of Edwin S. Butz.[27] Both single.[27] See entry for Robert for further details.

Thomas Alfred Powell, born 11/3/1884, Clarendon, South Australia.[1,14] {Mother Grohs} Died 1951, Fremantle, Western Australia.[62] Married Edith P. Nye, 1916, Blackwood, Western Australia.[62]

vi.

Louisa Matilda Powell, born 15/12/1885, Clarendon, South Australia.[1,14] {Mother Grohs} Died 1958, Hurstville, Sydney, NSW, Australia.[22] Married William Alfred Blackmore, 1912, St Leonards, Sydney, NSW, Australia.[22] William, s/o James & Amelia, died 1951, Ashfield, Sydney, NSW, Australia.[22]

Children: (a)		Ross Blackmore, born 1913, Marrickville, Sydney, NSW, Australia.[22]
(b)		Roy Blackmore, born 1916, Annandale, Sydney, NSW, Australia.[22] Married Ruby Jean Campbell, 1945, Canterbury, Sydney, NSW, Australia.[22]

vii.

Walter Henry Powell, born 22/7/1888, Clarendon, South Australia.[14] {Mother Grosz} Died 6/9/1965, Adelaide, South Australia (77yo).[60] Buried 8/9/1965, plot 475, Happy Valley Cemetery, South Australia.[78] Blacksmith, 1943.[211] Married Elise Drusilla Jones, 7/12/1912, Clarendon, South Australia.[27] Marriage at residence of Henry Martin Jones, father.[27] Both single.[27] Drusilla, d/o Henry Martin Jones & Eliza Mitchell, born 5/10/1893, Kangarilla, South Australia,[14,27] died 3/12/1952, Reynella, South Australia (59yo),[60,78] & buried 4/12/1952, plot 475, Happy Valley Cemetery, South Australia.[78] Drusilla employed in home duties, 1943.[211] Resided 1943, 1952, 1965, Reynella, South Australia.[60,78,211]

Children: (a)		Beatrice Eliza Powell, born 27/11/1913, Clarendon, South Australia.[61]
(b)		Nina Gladys Powell, born 2/9/1916, Clarendon, South Australia.[61]
(c)		Max Powell, born 3/7/1918, Kangarilla, South Australia.[61] Labourer, 1943.[211] Resided 1943, Reynella, South Australia.[211]
(d)		Morris Walter Powell, born 5/5/1921, Reynella, South Australia.[61]
(e)		Brian Martin Powell, born 14/2/1929, Reynella, South Australia.[61]

viii.

Herbert Nelson Powell, born 30/2/1890, Clarendon, South Australia.[14] {Mother Grohs} Died 1/8/1951, Kangarilla, South Australia (61yo).[60,78] Buried 2/8/1951, Section C, plot 4, Clarendon-Kangarilla Cemetery, Clarendon, South Australia.[78] Gardener, 1939, 1943.[211] Married Veta Adina May Smart, 26/1/1918, Methodist Church, Pirie Street, Adelaide, South Australia.[27] Both single.[27] Veta, d/o James Smart & Amelia Ann Webster, born 4/5/1895, Bakers Gully, South Australia.[14,27] Veta died 22/6/1925, Clardendon, South Australia (30yo),[60] & buried 23/6/1923, Section C, plot 3, Clarendon-Kangarilla Cemetery, Clarendon, South Australia.[78] {Note that the burial record & the death index conflict, however I have included the dates for each as stated. Given the stated age at death I suspect the death index date is the correct one} Married 2nd Hilda May Barrett, 17/4/1929, Methodist Church, Kangarilla, South Australia.[27] Both widowed.[27] Hilda, d/o Samuel Jones, born 1891,[27] died 12/8/1965, Kangarilla, South Australia (74yo),[60,78] & buried 16/8/1965, Section C, plot 4, Clarendon-Kangarilla Cemetery, Clarendon, South Australia.[78] Hilda employed in home duties, 1939, 1943.[211] Resided 1939, 1943, Kangarilla, South Australia.[211]

Children: (a)		Douglas Nelson Powell, born 12/11/1918, Kangarilla, South Australia.[61] Labourer, 1943.[211] Resided 1943, Kangarilla, South Australia.[211]
(b)		Mirna 'Metha' Amelia Powell, born 4/4/1921, Kangarilla, South Australia.[61] Home duties, 1943.[211] Resided 1943, Kangarilla, South Australia.[211]

ix.

Clara Pauline Powell, born 11/7/1893, Clarendon, South Australia.[14] {Mother Gros} Died 1980, Sydney, NSW, Australia.[66] Married Mervyn W. Scott, 1914, Blackwood, Western Australia.[62] Mervyn died 1952, Murray, Western Australia.[62]

Walter & Druscilla Powell grave
Clarendon-Kangarilla Cemetery
Photo - City of Onkaparinga

Herbert Nelson Powell & wives grave
Clarendon-Kangarilla Cemetery
Photo - City of Onkaparinga

Clarendon, SA, 1939
Photograph - State Library SA

Kangarilla is a town near Adelaide, South Australia. It lies within the City of Onkaparinga. The name Kangarilla, in an area known as Eyre Flat, was first mentioned in a survey conducted in 1839 by Edward John Eyre. The name is derived from an Aboriginal word however the actual meaning is unknown. As early as 1840 land was taken up by speculators and settlers. By 1844 many acres had been cleared and sown with wheat. Twenty years later it was reported that 'The district is an agricultural one, and there are numerous vineyards in the neighbourhood producing fine crops of grapes'. A town was established in 1849 by John Bottrill and surveyed properly in the early 1860s. It was named Scaldwell but soon became Kangarilla. Many other name changes took place during these early years. The name of the Eyre Flat Post Office, opened in 1850, changed to Kangarilla in 1862. A school which had been opened in 1859 as Eyre Flat closed in 1863. When reopened in 1870 it was also named Kangarilla. If all this was not confusing enough the town was split in two as well, one half under the control of the District Council of Kondoparinga and the other half controlled by the District Council of Clarendon. The Wesleyan Chapel was built in 1855. Its first service was held in 1856, but within a year the building collapsed. When rebuild it became the Methodist Church. St Stephen's Anglican Church was opened in 1904. There was also the Bible Christian Church which opened for service in 1862. Although there was a little silver and lead mining around the area late 1800s, the main industries in Kangarilla were farming and providing firewood for Adelaide. For most of the 20th century Kangarilla has primarily been a farming community. Dairy farming was a mainstay for many years although some diversified into grapes, sheep and fruit.[Wikipedia, SA History, Kangy]

Grape Pickers, Clarendon, 1907
Photograph - State Library SA

Early Kangarilla, SA
Photograph - Kangy

McLaren Flat Road, Kangarilla, SA
Photograph - Realestate.com

Grape Pickers, Clarendon: Grape pickers at Gilland Winery. Back row, left to right: Rick Chapman; Walter Powell; Herb Powell; Abe Chase; Walter Jackson; Stan Paddick; Robert Smith; Tom Powell; Roy Morphett; John Pelling; Front row: Robert Mitchell; Arthur Wait; Morris Pelling; Robert Pelling; Dick Munday; Cliff Tester; Aubrey Tester; Cliff Paddick; Stan Lafferty.

1.2.1.5. Henry Joseph Powell, (s/o William George Powell, s/o George Powell, s/o James Powell) born 5/8/1856,[1,7,30,31,65,66,68] Clapham,[1,7,30,31,66] Wandsworth district, Co Surrey, England.[68] {Secondary sources [1,7,30,31,66] cite a DOB of 1857, however the registered year was 1856.[68]} Baptised 31/10/1857, Holy Trinity, Clapham, Co Surrey, England.[65] Died 28/5/1912, McLaren Flat, South Australia (55yo).[8] Vineyard worker.[66,159] "Mr H. J. Powell of McLaren Vale, died aged 56, born Surrey, arrived S.A. in 1858, ship 'Nugget', son of late Mr. W. G. Powell, leaves 7 brothers and 3 sisters, a wife, 2 sons and 3 daughters.(The Chronicle, 15/6/1912)"[7]

"Legal Notices. In the estate of Henry Joseph Powell, late of McLaren Flat in the State of South Australia, Vigneron, deceased. Pursuant to The Trustee Act, 1893, Notice is hereby given that all persons having claims against the estate of the abovenamed deceased, who died at McLaren Flat aforesaid on the 28th day of May, 1912, are requested to send to Messrs. McLachlan, Napier, & Browne, Solicitors for James Thomas Powell, the administrator of the estate of the said deceased, at their offices, 29 to 32, Exchange Buildings, Pirie-street, Adelaide, their names and addresses, with full particulars of their claims against the estate of the' abovenamed deceased, on or before the tenth day of September, 1913, after which date the said administrator will be at liberty to distribute the assets of the said deceased among the parties entitled thereto, having regard only to the claims of which the said executors shall then have had notice. Dated this 1st day of August, 1913. McLachlan, Napier, & Browne, 29 to 32, Exchange Building;, Pirie-street, Adelaide, Solicitors for the administrator.(Advertiser 4/8/1913)"[159]

Married Caroline Davis, 14/7/1877, St Luke, Adelaide, South Australia.[27] Both single.[27] Caroline, d/o William Davis & Eliza Heaps, born 7/8/1857,[14,27] Meadows, South Australia,[14] & died 29/6/1927,[30,31,60] McLaren Flat, South Australia (69yo).[60] Resided 1879-1892, McLaren Vale, South Australia.[14,30] Resided 1905-1927, McLaren Flat, South Australia.[8]

Children of Henry Joseph Powell & Caroline Davis:

James Thomas Powell, born 26/7/1879, McLaren Vale, South Australia.[14,30] Died 25/5/1953,[30,60] McLaren Flat, South Australia (73yo).[60] Vigneron, 1943.[211] Married Mabel May Low, 15/4/1915, Methodist church, McLaren Flat, South Australia.[27] Both single.[27] Mabel, d/o Frederick Low & Lydia Mills, born 5/5/1890, McLaren Vale, South Australia,[14,27] died 4/4/1967, McLaren Vale, South Australia (76yo).[60] Mabel employed in home duties, 1943.[211] Resided 1943, McLaren Flat, South Australia.[211]

Children: (a)		Allen James Regnald Powell, born 4/12/1916 McLaren Flat, South Australia.[61] Labourer, 1943.[211] Resided 1943, McLaren Flat, South Australia.[211]
(b)		Nita May Powell, born 23/9/1918 McLaren Vale, South Australia.[61]

ii.

Eliza Ellen Powell, born 4/2/1881, McLaren Vale, South Australia.[14,30] Died 10/10/1905, McLaren Flat, South Australia (24yo).[8] Married Edwin Alfred Boughton, 4/2/1903, Baptist Church, Morphett Vale, South Australia.[27] Both single.[27] Edwin, s/o Robert William Broughton & Emily Matthews, born 25/11/1874, Aldinga, South Australia.[14,27]

Children: (a)		Hilda Dorothy Broughton, born 13/8/1903, McLaren Flat, South Australia.[14]
(b)		Alfred Edwin Broughton, born 13/8/1903, McLaren Flat, South Australia.[14] Died 16/8/1903, McLaren Flat, South Australia (2do).[8]

iii.

Ruth Caroline Powell, born 4/2/1883, McLaren Vale, South Australia.[14,30]

Children: (a)		Helena Powell, born 24/10/1903, Walkerville, South Australia.[14] {No father recorded}
(2)		Earnest Powell, born 25/5/1906, Fullarton, South Australia.[14] {No father recorded}
(c)		Herbert Powell, born 25/5/1906, Fullarton, South Australia.[14] {No father recorded}

iv.

Alice Elizabeth Powell, born 31/10/1884, McLaren Vale, South Australia.[14,30] Died 1954, McLaren Vale, South Australia.[30] Married Edwin Alfred Broughton, 22/6/1911, Methodist church, Kangarilla, South Australia.[27] Alice single, Edwin a widower.[27] Edwin, s/o Robert William Broughton & Emily Matthews, born 25/11/1874, Aldinga, South Australia.[14,27] Edwin was previously married to Alice's older sister, Eliza Ellen.[27]

Children: (a)		Keith Edwin Davis Broughton, born 7/1/1912, McLaren Flat, South Australia.[61]
(b)		Arthur Henry Broughton, born 20/6/1914, McLaren Flat, South Australia.[61]
(c)		Donald Britton Broughton, born 28/10/1917, McLaren Flat, South Australia.[61]

Hilda Olive Powell, born 7/8/1887, McLaren Vale, South Australia.[14,30] Died 7/2/1905, McLaren Flat, South Australia (17yo).[8]

vi.

Britton Allen Powell, born 23/11/1890, McLaren Vale, South Australia.[14,30] Died 1/9/1952, McLaren Flat, South Australia (61yo).[30,60] Married Brenda Gregory,[30] 23/12/1922, Methodist Manse, Waikerie, South Australia.[27] Both single.[37] Brenda, d/o Gilbert Gregory & Florence Rundle, born 4/6/1906, Blumberg, South Australia,[14,27] died 29/1/1950, McLaren Flat, South Australia (45yo).[60]

Children: (a)

Henry Britton Powell, born 2/3/1924, Aldinga, South Australia.[61] Died 3/3/2003 (79yo), Mclaren Vale, South Australia & buried Centennial Park, Pasadena, Adelaide, South Australia.[59]

vii.

Dorace Chrissie Powell, born 17/9/1892, McLaren Vale, South Australia.[14,30] Died 8/12/1946, Barema, South Australia (55yo),[59,60] & buried Plot 240, Path 3, Section General-C, Centennial Park, Pasadena, Adelaide, South Australia.[59] Married Albert Henry Chapman, 16/8/1911, St Luke, Adelaide.[27] Both single.[27] Albert, s/o Albert Chapman & Eliza Kanaley, born 4/5/1890, McLaren Vale, South Australia,[14,27] died 7/9/1946, Barmera, South Australia (56yo),[59,60] & buried with his wife, Centennial Park, Pasadena, Adelaide, South Australia.[59]

Children: (a)		Herbert Clive Chapman, born 25/7/1913, McLaren Flat, South Australia.[61]
(b)		Diana Joyce Chapman, born 29/7/1917, Parilla, South Australia.[61]
(c)		Elsie Jean Chapman, born 7/3/1920, Lameroo, South Australia.[61]
(d)		Maurice Davis Chapman, born 16/8/1922, Lameroo, South Australia.[61]
(e)		Dulsie Hilda Lila Chapman, born 18/9/1911, McLaren Flat, South Australia.[61]

McLaren Vale, SA, 1880
Photograph - State Library SA

McLaren Vale, 1910
Photograph - State Library SA

Receiving grapes, McLaren Vale, 1920
Photograph - State Library SA

McLaren Vale is a township in the wine region of McLaren Vale in South Australia. At the time of the 2001 census it had a population of about 2,583 people. McLaren Vale was named after David McLaren, the Colonial Manager of the South Australia Company, who arrived in the colony in 1837 and departed three years later. There is some dispute because some sources claim that town was named after a Scotsman, John McLaren, who surveyed the area in 1839. Before either of them came along the local Aborigines reputedly called the area Myallina Dooronga. Two small villages – Gloucester and Bellevue – were established n the 1840s by British migrants. In 1923 the two villages merged, adopting the name of the valley. Gloucester, to the east, was established in 1851 and Bellevue to the west established, in 1854. Gloucester, which was south of the current Tintara winery, grew into a thriving community. By the 1870's the community included the mill, two hotels, a saddlery, stores, a brewery, a blacksmith, a butcher, five schools, and later a creamery. Bellevue began on land purchased by Richard Bell who built a little colony of thatched pug houses. He also built a hotel in 1857 and named it the Clifton. In 1852 a group of local farmers held a meeting at the Devonshire Arms, and decided to build a Mill in Bellevue, and a month later, the foundation stone having been laid, the company returned to the Devonshire Arms to celebrate the occasion. It functioned until the 1870's and was purchased by Thomas Hardy who converted it to a winery that became the Mill cellar. Bellevue had a Tannery, a blacksmith and a Coach stop Way station that is now the Barn restaurant, and a lime burner who conducted his trade at the rear of the cottage that bears the name today. The Wesleyan Church opened for worship in 1858, and this Methodist-Uniting Church was demolished in 1987, and in December 1988 the new church was opened. The Bellevue school established by Reverend Prior was conducted in a house near The Barn in Ellen Street. Bellevue flourished for a while until the closure of the flourmill and the primary school as well as the de-licensing of the hotel. In 1882, Thomas Hardy, who was prospering from his newly established wine empire decided to purchase these substantial buildings. He converted the flourmill into a winery, used the school as a residence for his employees, the Barn as stables for his workhorses, and re-established the Clifton Hotel as a wine and refreshment inn. He changed its name to the Hotel Bellevue and regained a license after some renovations. The hotel was later named the Hotel McLaren amid some opposition from the local community. Approximately 4 kilometres to the southeast of McLaren Vale lay a pug cottage on the estate known as Wirra Wirra. This property eventually became the home of Bob Wrigley who by 1895 had planted 124 acres of vines and a few years later opened wine cellars. Nearby, a Wesleyan chapel was opened in 1854 and was given the name Bethany Chapel. Other pug cottages were established which gave rise to the recognition of Bethany. About 1.5 kilometres to the north of Bethany is the settlement of McLaren Flat. Evelyn Pitfield Shirley Sturt took up a section on 20 November 1839 and held it until 1849. Clinging to the foot of the hills 2 kilometres from McLaren Flat is the hamlet of Beltunga, whose houses were mostly built at the instigation of Richard Bell, founder of Bellevue. To the north of Beltunga lay Seaview, the property that loomed so largely in the lives of the surrounding settlers that gradually its name was adopted for the locality. Thus Bethany, McLaren Flat, Hillside, Beltunga and Seaview completed an encirclement of Bellevue and Gloucester, which starting to lose their separate identities. As the names of outlying hamlets fell into similar disuse, the settlements along the main road gradually became known as McLaren Vale, it was forgotten that this had been John McLaren's name for the whole valley. Until the 1920s McLaren Vale was applied to the region more than to the particular town and even today there is a feeling that the surrounding vineyards are really McLaren Vale vineyards even if they are some kilometres outside the town. This is an area which has always been about grape growing. As early as 1850 the historic Hardy and Seaview wineries were in operation. It is widely accepted that Thomas Hardy's purchase of the Tintara vineyard in 1853 is the symbolic beginning of the town. The McLaren Vale wine region is well known for its dry red wines, especially those made from Shiraz, Grenache and Mourvedre. Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot and Petit Verdot are also grown. White wine varieties in the region include Chardonnay, Semillon, Sauvignon blanc and Riesling. Many buildings from these early days can still be found in and around the area. Early life was founded on farming with and emphasis on cereal crops. Evidence of the prosperity in the era can be found in McLaren Vale today.[Wikipedia, Adelaide Hills, SMH, McLaren Vale Shiraz]

Farm at McLaren Vale, 1910
Photograph - State Library SA

Farm Cottage, McLaren Flat, SA
Photograph - Real Estate View

Methodist Church, McLaren Vale 1932
Photograph - State Library SA

Baptist Church, Morphett Vale, SA, c.1916

Baptist Church,
Morphett Vale, 1916
Onkaparinga City

Baptist Manse, Morphett Vale, SA, c.1916

Baptist Manse,
Morphett Vale, 1916
Onkaparinga City

Methodist Manse (now Uniting), Waikerie, SA
Photograph - Google StreetView

Main Street, Barmera, SA, 1939
Photograph - State Library SA

Morphett Vale Baptist Church, located at 210 Main South Road, Morphett Vale. The foundation stone was laid on 20 June 1867 and the church held its first service in April, 1868. The building was sold in 1988, and since then, has operated as an hairdressing salon.[Onkaparinga City] Barmera is a town in the Riverland region of South Australia, 220 kilometres north-east of Adelaidea. It is primarily an agricultural and viticultural town and is located on Lake Bonney (Riverland), a freshwater lake. The population in 2006 was 1928. It is unknown where the name "Barmera" comes from but it is suspected that it means "water place" or "land dwellers", being a word from a local Aboriginal group. Others postulate it comes from Barmeedjie, the name of the tribe that lived to the north of the Murray River prior to European settlement. Lake Bonney was first seen by Charles Bonney and Joseph Hawdon in 1838 drove cattle along the Murray River. The lake was named after Bonney. The land however, was settled in 1859 with the establishment of Overland Corner Hotel. It was a popular area with drovers that drove sheep from New South Wales into South Australia. A police station was also built to prevent and stop arguments between the indigenes and settlers. An irrigation system was established in the town in 1921. An influx of World War I veterans settled with promises of irrigated land from the government. A railway station was opened in 1928 and the town was proclaimed in the same year. In World War II an interrment camp was established south of Barmera in Loveday and was one of the largest World War II camps in Australia. Barmera exists in a semi-arid location, surrounded by mallee scrub. It is 29 metres above sea level. Barmera has a dry climate with hot summers and warm days and cold frosty nights in winter. It receives less than 250 mm of rain per year.[Wikipedia]

1.2.1.6. Frederick Melanchthon Powell, (s/o William George Powell, s/o George Powell, s/o James Powell) born 24/9/1861, Clarendon, South Australia.[1,14,30,31] Died 2/4/1920, Black Swamp, Cleland's Gully, Tooperang, South Australia (58yo).[1,18,60,66,78] Buried 4/4/1920, Plot No.472, Currency Creek Cemetery, Tooperang, South Australia.[66,78] Probate for estate of Frederick M. Powell, Finnle (?) £500.[160] Farmer & teamster.[1] Married Hannah Tester,[30,31] 22/4/1884, Clarendon, South Australia.[1,27] Both single.[27] Marriage at residence of John Tester.[27] Hannah, d/o John Tester & Mary Ann Hayles, born 5/11/1862, Clarendon, South Australia,[1,14,27] & died 3/12/1907, Black Swamp Nangkita, Adelaide, South Australia (45yo).[1,8] Married 2nd Alice Clara Green, 28/11/1909, Prospect, South Australia.[27,31] Both previously married.[27] Marriage at residence of J. M. Cole.[27] Alice, d/o John Knowles & Maria Shaddock, born 3/5/1863, Watervale, South Australia.[14,27] Alice was the mother of Frederick's son-in-law, Horace Green.[14] Resided Clarendon, Brucefield, Tooperang & McLaren Vale, South Australia.[1] Resided 1909, 1910, Nangkita, South Australia.[27]

Children of Frederick Melanchthon Powell & Hannah Tester:

Jessie Caroline Powell, born 20/2/1885, McLaren Vale, South Australia.[1,14,30] Died 3/9/1965, Adelaide, South Australia.[60] Married Horace Egbert Green, 19/7/1910, Nangkita, South Australia.[27] Both single.[27] Marriage at resided of Frederick Melanchthon Powell.[27] Horace, s/o Amos Green & Alice Clara Knowles, born 17/3/1884, Norwood, South Australia.[14,27] Resided 1965, Tooperang, Adelaide, South Australia.[60]

Children: (a)		Norman Mervyn Green, born 13/8/1912, Tooperang, South Australia.[61] Married Elvira Christian.[66]
(b)		Lenard George Green, born 6/4/1914, Goolwa, South Australia.[61] Died 1997.[66] Married Margaret Turner.[66]
(c)		Leslie Herbert Green, born 6/5/1915, Nangkita, South Australia.[61] Married Audrey Teitzel.[66]
(d)		Arthur Bernham Green, born 16/11/1916, Tooperang, South Australia.[61]
(e)		Douglas Horace Green, born 1/3/1918, Goolwa, South Australia.[61]
(f)		Ella May Green, born 6/10/1919, Goolwa, South Australia.[61] Married Gordon Watson.[66]
(g)		Alfred Oliver Green, born 13/8/1922, Goolwa, South Australia.[61] Married Madge Duffield.[66]
(h)		David Lloyd Green, born 14/3/1926, Tooperang, South Australia.[61] Married Vivienne Magus.[66]

ii.

Frederick Arthur Powell, born 8/4/1886, McLaren Vale, South Australia.[1,14,31] Died c.1973 (87yo), Pasadena, South Australia & buried Plot 151A, Path O, Section general-AA, Centennial Park, Pasadena, Adelaide, South Australia.[59] Farmer at Tooperang, then painter and carpenter in Adelaide.[66] Married Violet Ruth Gooding, 30/11/1908, Hackney, South Australia.[27] Both single.[27] Marriage at residence of Thomas Barker.[27] Violet, d/o Elijah Gooding & Charlotte Ridgway, born 28/11/1886, Clare, South Australia,[14,27] died 4/10/1955, Woodlands Park, Adelaide, South Australia (68yo),[59,60] & buried with her husband, Centennial Park, Pasadena, Adelaide, South Australia.[59]

Children: (a)

Daphne Violet Edith Hannah Powell, born 29/11/1909, Near Currency Creek, South Australia.[60] Married Charles Turland Smith, 3/8/1933, Seventh Day Adventist Church, Murray Bridge, South Australia.[27] Both single.[27] Charles, s/o Algernon Sydney Smith, born 1907.[27]

iii.

Edith Mary Hannah Powell, born 14/11/1887, McLaren Vale, South Australia.[1,14,30] Married Richard Day Bowhey, 12/10/1909, Nangkita, South Australia.[27] Both single.[27] Marriage at resided of Frederick Melanchthon Powell.[27] Richard, s/o John Bowhey & Elizabeth Day, born 19/6/1882, Kangaroo Flat, South Australia,[14,27] died 16/11/1950, Port Elliott, South Australia (68yo).[60]

Children: (a)		Hazel Marie Bowhey, born 20/5/1911, Gawler South, South Australia.[61] Married Cecil Roberts.[66]
(b)		Richard Vernon Rex Bowhey, born 18/2/1918, Blyth, South Australia.[61] Married Alma Hunt.[66]

iv.

Lindsay Herbert Powell,[60] born 7/5/1889, McLaren Vale, South Australia.[1,14,30,31] Died 31/7/1978,[1,31,66] Adelaide, South Australia.[66] Cause of death was heart failure.[66] Buried 2/8/1978, Dudley Park Cemetery, Adelaide, South Australia.[66] Farmer, second hand dealer, builder, salesman.[66] Married Clarice Euphemia Mary Ann Bowhey, 2/5/1911, Gawler, South Australia.[27] Both single.[27] Marriage at residence of Mrs Elizabeth Bowhey.[27] Clarice, d/o John Bowhey & Elizabeth Day, born 6/4/1889, Kangaroo Flat, South Australia,[14,27] & died 11/4/1969, Magill, South Australia (80yo).[60] Resided 1969, Manningham, South Australia.[60]

Children: (a)		Ray Herbert Melanethon Powell, born 28/8/1917, Gawler, South Australia.[61] Died 31/5/2004, Adelaide, South Australia.[66] Storeman & forklift driver, Sanitarium Health Food Co, Hackney, South Australia.[66] Enlisted 24/12/1941, AIF 3rd Field Ambulance Corps - served in Pacific & New Guinea.[66] Married Daisy North, 1941.[66] Daisy born 26/9/1917.[66] Resided No.2 Donald Street, Blair Athol, South Australia.[66]
(b)		Dulcie Vonda Iris Powell, born 2/9/1918, Gawler, South Australia.[61] Died 28/3/1988, Adelaide, South Australia.[66] Married Frederick William August Dunstall, 5/1945.[66] Frederick born 12/8/1906, Horsham, Victoria, Australia.[66]
(c)		Reo 'Jack' Kevin Hector John Powell, born 5/2/1926, Northfield, South Australia.[61] Died 26/8/2000, Adelaide, South Australia.[66] Storeman & driver.[66] Between 1944-1946 served in AIF S115329, Field Ambulance, New Guinea & Solomons.[66] Between 1955-1956 employed at Maralinga on atomic bomb tests.[66] Married Betty Maureen Spurling, 28/2/1948, Pirie Street Methodist Church, Adelaide, South Australia.[66] Betty born 16/2/1928, Murray Bridge, South Australia.[66] Resided Marino, South Australia.[66]

Leonard Arthur Powell, born 13/2/1891, McLaren Vale, South Australia.[1,14,30] Died 13/5/1892, Brucefield, South Australia (15mo).[8] Buried 15/5/1892, Path 21 F, plot 80, Kadina Cemetery, South Australia.[78]

vi.

Hannah Powell, born 22/4/1892, Kadina, South Australia.[1,14,30] Died 4/3/1893, Brucefield, South Australia (7mo).[1,8] Cause of death was Pneumonia.[66] Buried 5/3/1893, Path 21, plot 80, Kadina Cemetery, Morphett Vale, South Australia.[78]

Farmers' Family, Clarendon, SA
Photograph - Museum of Victoria

Homestead, McLaren Vale, 1874
Photograph - State Library SA

Currency Creek Hotel, SA, 1890
Photograph - State Library SA

Currency Creek is a small town located on South Australia's Fleurieu Peninsula about 6 km north of Goolwa. The Currency Creek area was initially explored by Charles Sturt in the late 1820s, with the area being officially named in 1837 after the whaling boat Currency Lass. The township was surveyed in the 'Currency Creek Special Survey' of 1840. While exploring the Fleurieu Peninsula and Lake Alexandrina region and looking for other outlets to the sea, explorers Thomas Bewes Strangways, Young Bingham Hutchinson and party discovered the waterway in November 1837. Their bullock wagon was unable to proceed over the waterway and they decided to make the area their base for some time. They reported on the good grassland in the area and its potential for agriculture. The creek was named in honour of the whaling boat they used to explore the lake. Currency Creek lends its name to a wine region that stretches from Port Elliot in the west, to Lake Alexandrina to the east, and includes Hindmarsh Island. The main grape varieties grown are Chardonnay, Sauvignon blanc, Cabernet Sauvignon and Shiraz. Vineyards were first established in the area in 1969, with the region producing its first vintage in 1972.[Wikipedia]

Currency Creek, SA, 1905
Photograph - State Library SA

Black Swamp, SA, 1982
Photograph - Department of Environment

Main street, Goolwa, SA, 1910
Photograph - State Library SA

Goolwa is a historic river port on the Murray River near the Murray Mouth in South Australia, and joined by a bridge to Hindmarsh Island. The name "Goolwa" means "elbow" in Ngarrindjeri, the local Aboriginal language. Goolwa is approximately 100 km south of Adelaide. Before 1837 the area was briefly considered for the site of the colony's capital; a 'special survey' was undertaken in 1839–40 with a sizeable township laid out at Currency Creek and land for a port with substantial warehousing on the river where Goolwa now stands; however, the treacherous waters of the Murray Mouth for shipping made it unsuitable as a major port. Goolwa was Australia's first inland port (1853). Australia's first railway was built to connect Goolwa to Port Elliot and later extended to Victor Harbor, allowing goods to move from river boats to sea boats, so that neither had to negotiate the Murray Mouth. The spread of railways to inland Australia put an end to the river trade and Goolwa's importance as a port. With the decline of the river trade Goolwa became dependent on local farming and fishing, as well as becoming a popular destination for holidaymakers from Adelaide.[Wikipedia]

Richard & Edith Bowhey
State Library SA (1909)

Nangkita, SA, 1940
Photograph - State Library SA

Lindsay H. Powell, 1918
State Library SA

Street scene, Gawler, 1920
State Library SA

Ray Powell & wagon, moving from Northfield to Parilla, 1926

Ray Powell & wagon, moving from Northfield to Parilla
Photograph - State Library SA (1926)

Lindsay Powell farmhouse, Parilla, 1926
Photograph - State Library SA

Lindsay Powell farmhouse, Pooraka, 1928
Photograph - State Library SA

1.2.2.1. George Thomas Powell,[1,10,15,34,35,209] (s/o Henry Joseph Powell, s/o George Powell, s/o James Powell) born 11/11/1848,[1,10,19,20] No.14 John Street, Kennington, (now Bolney Street, South Lambeth, London),[19] Co Surrey, England.[1,10,20] Baptised by Rev. William Harker, 9/7/1854, St Barnabas Church of England, Guilford Road, South Kennington, London, England.[17,19] Died 20/8/1928, 48 Addison Road, Black Forest, Adelaide, South Australia (79yo).[40,60,186] Buried 1928, West Terrace Cemetery, Adelaide, South Australia (79yo).[202] "In loving memory of George T. Powell, Died Aug. 20th 1928, Aged 79 years. Also Amelia, Beloved wife of above, Died July 12th 1939, Aged 80 years. At rest. Also their son, Albert John 'Jack', Died 4th July 1966, Aged 68."[214]

"Powell.—On the 20th August, at his late residence, 48 Addison-road, Black Forest, George Thomas, beloved husband of Amelia Powell, aged 79 years.(Advertiser 21/8/1928)"[186]

Emigrated to Adelaide, South Australia, with parents, departing Southampton, England, 21/5/1856, arriving Port Adelaide 20/8/1856 on the "Eliza",[1,10,58] (Henry J. 34yo, Mary 32yo, George T. 7yo, Charles H. 4yo & Mary A. 1yo).[10,58] Coachbuilder with Smith and Co., Adelaide, South Australia.[1,15] Coachsmith, 1872,1888.[15,190,209] Coachbuilder, employed by Smith and Co., Adelaide, 1887, 1910.[34,35] Emigrated to Adelaide, South Australia with his parents, departing Southampton, England, 21/5/1856, and arriving 20/8/1856 on the "Eliza".[10]

In August 1904 advertised for sale a spring-dray: "For sale, first-class Spring-dray, new, carry 25 cwt., £18, G. T. Powell, coachbuilder, Owen-st., city."[187]
In September & October, the same year, again advertised for sale a spring-dray, this time without an asking price: "For Sale, first-class Spring-Dray, new; carry 25 cwt. G. T. Powell, coachbuilder, Owen-st., City.[188]

Freemason.[189] In 1899 was invested as tyler in the Freemason Adelaide Lodge of Truth No.8, SAC.[189] In 1907,1908 & 1909 was invested as tyler in the Freemason Adelaide Mark Lodge No.1, SAC.[189] In 1910 was invested as tyler in the South Australian Royal Arch Chapter of Freemasons.[189] In 1911 was invested as janitor in the South Australian Royal Arch Chapter, No.4, SAC.[189] In 1911 was invested as janitor in the St Andrew's Lodge, No.19, SAC.[189] In 1913 was invested as tyler in the Lodge of Friendship, SAC.[189] In 1915 Brother George Thomas Powell was referred to as 'one of the oldest surviving past masters of the Lodge of Truth'.[189] In 1918 "The friends of the late Charles William Powell are respectfully informed that his funeral will leave the residence of his brother {George was Charles' only surviving brother}, 49 Wright-street, City, on Wednesday, at 4.30 p.m., for the West terrace Cemetery. R. T. William & Son, undertaker.(Advertiser 10/7/1918)"[166] Married Harriett Caroline Follett,[1,34] 1/4/1872, Trinity Church, Adelaide, South Australia.[15,27] Both single.[15] Marriage performed by the rites of the Church of England by Rev. Richardson Reid.[15] Witnesses were W. S. Sloan, compositor of Adelaide, Mary Powell of Adelaide (George's sister) & Sarah Cooper of Adelaide.[15] Harriett resided Norwood, Adelaide, at the time of the marriage.[15] Harriett, d/o William Follett, was born 6/4/1850,[1,14,15,27] Sturt, Adelaide, South Australia,[14] died 4/5/1888 (36yo),[1,8,209] Owen Street (Grey Ward), Adelaide, South Australia,[8,209] & buried 6/5/1888, West Terrace Cemetery, Adelaide, South Australia (37yo),[16,25,202] H.J. Siebert, the undertaker.[209] Cause of death was liver cancer.[209] "In Loving Memory of our dear Mother, Harriett Caroline Powell, Died 4th May 1888, Aged 37 years. Erected by her loving sons, Geo & Will. Also George, eldest son of the above. Died 1st April 1937, Aged 64 years. Ever Remembered by Will, Elsie, Beccie, Charlie. We Shall meet again."[213]

"Powell. —On the 4th May, at her residence, Owen street, Harriet Caroline, the beloved wife of George Thomas Powell (coachsmith), aged 55 years, leaving a husband and seven children to mourn their loss.(Advertiser 7/5/1888)"[190]
"Powell—In memory of Harriet Caroline Powell, beloved wife of G. T. Powell, Owen-street, who died on May 4, 1888.—Inserted by her husband and children.(Advertiser 5/5/1892)"[191]

Married 2nd Amelia Suter (nee Lane), 8/5/1890, St Luke's, Adelaide, South Australia.[27,38] Both previously married.[27] Amelia, d/o daughter of John Lane & Margaret Downs,[27,38,47] born 1859,[27,40] died 12/7/1939, Ashford, Adelaide, South Australia (80yo),[40] & buried with her husband, 1939, West Terrace Cemetery, Adelaide, South Australia (80yo).[202] "Powell. On the 12th of July, at a private hospital. Amelia, beloved widow of George Thomas Powell, of 48 Addison road, Black Forest Estate, aged 80 years.(Advertiser 13/7/1939)"[192] "In loving memory of George T. Powell, Died Aug. 20th 1928, Aged 79 years. Also Amelia, Beloved wife of above, Died July 12th 1939, Aged 80 years. At rest. Also their son, Albert John 'Jack', Died 4th July 1966, Aged 68."[214]
{Amelia was previously married to George Suter, 30/9/1885, at the residence of Mrs George Clark, Maylands, Norwood, Adelaide, South Australia, George born 1854.[27] George & Amelia separated between 1887-1890 (possibly divorced, however no record of a divorce has been found). Amelia & George Suter they had a son, Herbert James Suter, born 15/6/1888, North Adelaide,[14] & Amelia remarried in 1890.[27] Herbert Suter, s/o George, died 5/11/1904, Adelaide, & was buried as Herbert Powell ("The friends of Mr George T. Powell are informed that the Funeral of his late son, Herbert James George, will leave his residence, Owen-street, off South-terrace west, on Monday, at 4.15, for the West-terrace cemetery."[193] "Suter—On the 5th of November, at Owen-street, City, Herbert James George, beloved son of Amelia Powell and stepson of G. T. Powell, of Adelaide, in his 17th year."[193]) After their separation or divorce George had a relationship with Elizabeth Lee,[14] having an illegitimate child with her, Edith Lee, born 6/8/1895, Stepney, Adelaide (father not listed).[14] Edith married 14/10/1916, to Andrew Wark, as Edith Lee Suter, d/o George.[27] Elizabeth had another illegitimate child, Alexander Lee, born 15/6/1891, Adelaide, father not listed.[14] I have been unable to find any further trace of Alexander. Was he also a child of Elizabeth Lee & George Suter? George eventually remarried, as a 'widower', Elizabeth Beer, 4/1/1916, Adelaide, South Australia,[27] George died soon after, 25/2/1916, Norwood, Adelaide (59yo).[61] According to family lore, George's 2nd wife was "Lilly", which is a pet name for both Lillian and Amelia.[36] Also according to family lore she was French.[36] Amelia's birth is not listed in the SA BMD's however what appears to be her parents married 1856, Mount Pleasant, South Australia.[27]} Resided 1872, Adelaide, South Australia.[1,15] Resided 1873, Norwood, Adelaide, South Australia.[1,14] Resided 1887, 1888, 1902, 1904, Owen Street, Adelaide, South Australia.[16,25,34,187,193,199,209] Resided 1918, No.49 Wright Street, Adelaide, South Australia.[166] Resided 1928, 1939, No.48 Addison Road, Black Forest, South Australia.[40,60,211]

Children of George Thomas Powell and Harriett Caroline Follett:

George Thomas Valentine Powell Jr., born 14/2/1873, Norwood, Adelaide, South Australia.[1,14] {According to [1], Valentine was a middle name, however he is listed as George Thomas Powell in the SA Birth's registry} Died 1/4/1937,[1,40,60] Adelaide, South Australia (64yo).[40,60] Buried with mother, 1937, West Terrace Cemetery, Adelaide, South Australia (64yo).[202] "In Loving Memory of our dear Mother, Harriett Caroline Powell, Died 4th May 1888, Aged 37 years. Erected by her loving sons, Geo & Will. Also George, eldest son of the above. Died 1st April 1937, Aged 64 years. Ever Remembered by Will, Elsie, Beccie, Charlie. We Shall meet again."[213] Did not marry.[60]

"Powell. On the 1st April, at the residence of his brother, Mr William Powell, 185 West Terrace, Adelaide. George Thomas Valentine, beloved eldest son of the late George and Harriett Caroline Powell, aged 64 years. At rest.(Advertiser 2/4/1937)"[194]
"Powell—On the 1st April, at the residence of his brother, Mr William Powell, 185 West terrace, Adelaide, George Thomas Valentine, beloved eldest son of the late George and Harriett Caroline Powell, aged 64 years. At rest.(Advertiser 3/4/1937)"[194]

ii.

Edith Mary Mariah Powell, born 2/2/1875, Adelaide, South Australia.[1,14] Died 15/2/1956, Boulder, Western Australia (81yo),[42,62] & buried Boulder Cemetery.[42] Edith's niece, Estelle Hughes (nee Powell) recollects travelling to Central Railway Station in Sydney with her father to pick up "her aunt from Boulder City".[26] Married Frederick Thomas Bray, 1899, Broken Hill, NSW, Australia.[22] Frederick was born 1876, died 21/7/1926, Boulder, Western Australia (50yo),[42,62] & buried Boulder Cemetery.[42]

Children: (a)

Frederick William Charles Bray, born 1903, Boulder City, Western Australia.[41,62] Married Dorothy M. Tamblyn, 1932, Boulder, Western Australia.[62]

iii.

Henry Joseph Powell, born 11/3/1877, Adelaide, South Australia.[1,14] Died 6/11/1902, Perth, Western Australia (25yo).[62,195]

"Powell—On the 6th April, Henry Joseph Powell, second dearly beloved son of G. T. and late H. C. Powell, accidentally killed at Perth Railway Yard, West Australia, aged 25 years.(Advertiser 10/11/1902)"[195]
"Powell—In loving memory of Henry J., dearly-loved son of G. T. Powell, who was accidentally killed in Perth on the 6th November, 1902. He is gone, but not forgotten, Nor shall he ever be; As long as life within us lasts We will remember thee. Inserted by his loving father, brothers, and sisters.(Advertiser 6/11/1903)"[195]

Married Caroline Mary Carter, 19/10/1898, Presbyterian Minister's Manse, Adelaide, South Australia.[27] Both single.[27] Caroline, d/o Richard Carter & Emma Smith, born 20/6/1876, Willunga, South Australia,[14,17] died 1944, Fremantle, Western Australia.[62]

Children: (a)

Elsie Baden Powell, born 18/4/1900, Adelaide, South Australia.[14] Married Stanley H. S. Newman, 1918, Coolgardie, Western Australia.[62]

iv.

William Charles Powell, born 26/8/1879, Adelaide, South Australia.[14,37] Died 2/6/1944, Adelaide, South Australia (64yo).[60] "Powell—The friends of the late Mr William Charles Powell are respectfully informed that his funeral will leave his late residence, 167 Stuart street, Adelaide, on Sunday, at 3 pm, for the West Terrace Cemetery.(Advertiser 3/6/1944)"[196] Married Elsie Maud Marion Lynch, 30/8/1906, St Luke's, Adelaide, South Australia.[27]

"Powell-Lynch—On the 30th August, at St. Luke's Church, by the Rev. W. Marsh, William Charles, third son of George T. Powell, of Adelaide, to Elsie Maud Marion, third daughter of John T. M. Lynch, of Adelaide, and granddaughter of the late Captain Matson.(Advertiser 9/10/1906)"[197]
"Silver Wedding. Powell-Lynch. On the 30th August, at St. Luke's Church, by the Rev. W. Marsh. William Charles, third son of the late George T. Powell, of Adelaide, to Elsie Maude Marion, third daughter of John T. M. Lynch and the late Rebecca Lynch, of Adelaide. Present address, 185, West-terrace, Adelaide.(Advertiser 29/8/1931)"[197]

Both single.[27] Elsie, d/o John Thomas Morgan Lynch & Rebecca Elizabeth Matson, born 3/11/1880, Unley, South Australia,[14,27] & died 14/10/1959, Magill, Adelaide, South Australia (78yo).[60] Resided 1919, No.142 West Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia.[27] Resided 1919, West Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia.[38] Resided 1931, 1937, No. 185 West Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia.[194,197] No known issue.[61]

Maud Amelia Hooper Powell, born 30/9/1881, Adelaide, South Australia.[14,18,46,205] Died 4/7/1960 (78yo), Memorial Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia,[45,59] cremated & ashes interred Plot 031, Path S8, Row RB, South-East-Area section, Centennial Park, Pasadena, Adelaide, South Australia.[59] Married Thomas Brown (defacto).[14] Married 2nd Lancelot Buffham Gregory, 2/3/1907, Methodist Church, Pirie Street, Adelaide, South Australia.[27,44,46,205] Both single.[27] Lancelot, s/o Charles William Gregory & Maria Burgess nee Buffham, born 8/10/1880, Wistow, near Mount Barker, South Australia,[14,27,44,46,205] & died 1943, Brighton, Victoria, Australia.[29,45,46] Lancelot was a travelling shoe salesman.[46] Boot salesman, 1909.[205] Resided 1908/1909, Waterloo, Sydney, NSW, Australia.[45] {Presumably visiting her brother, Arthur Robert, who lived there at the time} Resided 1916, Caufield, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.[45] Resided 1943, Brighton, Victoria, Australia.[29,45,46] Resided 1944, Walkerville, South Australia.[45] Resided 1960, Mount Lofty, South Australia.[59]

Children: (a)

Thomas Harold Brown, born 22/1/1900, Penola, South Australia.[14] Died 1939, Shirley Well, South Australia.[220]

"Harold Brown took up an offer by the South Australian Government to take up a pastoral lease in the north of S.A. by digging a well and earning 100 square miles of land and 200 pounds reward from the government. By the late 1920’s and in the grips of a depression a bounty of 7/6 had been placed on each dingo scalp in order to make the area safe for sheep. Outback workers and pastoralists supplemented their meagre wages with dingo scalps. As dingoes were cleared, the more adventurous men who took up dogging full time, would work outside the dog-proof fence and onto Aboriginal reserves which had become a breeding ground for dingoes. Doggers often took up with Aboriginal women. Harold Brown a bushman had been encouraged by R.M. Williams stories to take up dogging. About 1929 he headed west on a dogging trip through the Musgraves and Mann Ranges as far as Ayres Rock. Brown left a message in a bottle at the top of the rock for the next visitors. By early 1930’s he had established a base camp in the Petermann Range, sank a well and set up a shack at Shirley Well and ran some sheep. He understood Aboriginal customs and languages and had taken an Aboriginal wife and had several children by her. In 1934 Brown joined the expedition by a con man, Mr S.R. Hummerston to find Lasseters Reef. Hummerston claims to have found Lasseter’s map in an old sauce bottle buried beneath the remains of an old camp fire. Brown abandoned his Aboriginal wife and children and married a white woman, Doreen Croser in 1935 who joined him at Shirley Well. Harold and Doreen died when their dugout collapsed on them during a heavy rainstorm on the night of 2nd January 1939. Their 2 yr old son, Ramon, was asleep in the main hut with an Aboriginal nanny. Ramon was taken to Ernabella."[220]

Married Stella Doreen Croser, 5/2/1934, Registry Office, Adelaide, South Australia.[27] Both single.[27] Stella, d/o Thomas Croser, born 1910,[27] died 1939, Shirley Well, South Australia.[220]

Children: (1)

Ramon Brown, born 1937, Shirley Well, South Australia.[220]

(b)

Frances Maude Brown, born 14/9/1903, Bordertown, South Australia.[14] {Presumably died in infancy - the birth certificate of lancelor Arthur (1909) lists only one child from 'previous marriage'[205]}

(c)

Olive Edna Maud Gregory,[205] born 13/6/1907, Goodwood, Adelaide, South Australia.[27,44,46,61] Died 30/12/1963, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, Adelaide, South Australia.[44,45,59] cremated & ashes interred Plot 024, Path C5, Row RB, East Garden Area, Centennial Park, Pasadena, Adelaide, South Australia.[59] Married Edwin James Wadham, 27/2/1932, St Peter's, Clenelg, South Australia.[27,45,46] Both single.[27] Edwin, s/o Edwin Wadham & Harriett Powell (below, first cousin), born 1908, Adelaide, South Australia,[27,44,45] died 4/2/1961 (52yo), Mount Lofty, South Australia,[40,43,59] cremated & ashes interred Plot 023, Path C5, Row RB, East Garden Area, Centennial Park, Pasadena, Adelaide, South Australia.[59]

Children: (1)

Jocelyn Brenda Wadham, born 24/9/1936, Malvern, Victoria, Australia.[46] Married Donald John Mackay, 19/12/1959, Walkerville, South Australia.[46] Donald, s/o Adam John Mackay & Winifred Gubbin, born 1/1/1935, Mile End, Adelaide, South Australia.[46]

(d)

Lancelot Arthur Gregory, born 20/3/1909, Bourke Street, Waterloo, Sydney, NSW, Australia.[45,46,205] Informant for birth registration was Maud Gregory, mother, of Bourke Street, Waterloo, Sydney.[205] Died 20/4/1967, Mosman, Sydney, NSW, Australia,[45,46] & cremated 4/1967, Northern Suburbs Crematorium, Sydney, NSW, Australia.[46] Cause of death was Myocardiac infarction.[46] Had TB when young. was rejected on health grounds for war service always said it was because of flat feet.[46] Married Helen Gladys Isabel Cooper, 11/4/1936, St Giles Presbyterian, Murrumbeena, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.[45,46] Gladys, d/o William Munro Cooper & Ethel Grace Begle, born 7/9/1914, Ardale, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.[29,45,46]

Children: (1)		Peter Gregory, born 10/3/1939, East Malvern, Victoria, Australia.[46] Married Carole Patricia Gibbons, 11/4/1964, St Clements, Mosman, NSW, Australia.[46] Carole, d/o Cecil Gibbons & Clarice Masters, born 24/8/1941, Cottesloe, Western Australia.[46]
(2)		Joy Gregory, born 28/1/1945, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.[46] Married Kenneth Hill.[46]

(e)

Colin Buffham Gregory, born 15/12/1916, Caufield, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.[29,45,46] Enlisted in the Australian Army, 20/7/1942, Albury, NSW, Australia.[46] Discharged, 7/1/1947, 18th Australian Army Ordinance Depot.[46] Sergant, service No.VX.110507.[46]

vi.

Harriett Caroline Powell, born 17/11/1884, Adelaide, South Australia.[1,14] Died 28/9/1970 (85yo), Myrtle Bank, South Australia,[40,59] & buried Centennial Park, Pasadena, Adelaide, South Australia.[59] Married Edwin James Wadham, 31/7/1907, St Luke's, Adelaide, South Australia.[27] Both single.[27] Edwin, s/o Edwin James Wadham & Jessie Emma Williams, born 19/12/1886, Norwood, Adelaide, South Australia,[14,27] died 12/5/1962 (75yo), Heathfield, South Australia,[40,59] & buried Centennial Park, Pasadena, Adelaide, South Australia.[59]

"Law Courts. Police Court-Adelaide. Tuesday, February 9 (Before Messrs. J. Gordon. S.M., and A.W. Dobbie). James O'Connor and Edwin James Wadham, youths, were dismissed, on an information, laid by Charles Wyly, charging them with having made use of indecent language in a railway carriage on the Glenelg line, near Wayville, on January 30. Mr R. H. Lathlean defended, and the Crown Solicitor (Mr J. M. Stuart, K.C.) prosecuted. No costs were allowed.(Advertiser 10/2/1904)"[198]

Children: (a)

Edwin James Wadham, born 7/4/1908, Goodwood, Adelaide, South Australia.[43,61] Died 4/2/1961 (52yo), Mount Lofty, South Australia,[40,43,59] cremated & ashes interred Plot 023, Path C5, Row RB, East Garden Area, Centennial Park, Pasadena, Adelaide, South Australia.[59] Married Olive Edna Maud Gregory, 27/2/1932, St Peter's, Clenelg, South Australia.[27,45] Both single.[27] Olive, d/o Lancelot Gregory & Maud Powell (above, first cousin), born 1907, Adelaide, South Australia,[27,44,45] died 30/12/1963, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, Adelaide, South Australia.[44,45,59] cremated & ashes interred Plot 024, Path C5, Row RB, East Garden Area, Centennial Park, Pasadena, Adelaide, South Australia.[59]

Children: (1)

(b)

Harold George Wadham, born 26/7/1911, Adelaide, South Australia.[61]

(c)

Jessie Wadham, born 18/11/1916, Adelaide, South Australia.[27,61] Married Roy Edward Cole, 4/11/1933, Registry Office, Adelaide, South Australia.[27] Both single.[27] Roy, s/o Frederick Cole, born 1914.[27]

(d)

Frederick James Wadham, born 1/2/1921, Glenelg, Adelaide, South Australia.[61] Brass finisher, 1943.[211] Married Rhoda Florence.[211] Rhoda employed in home duties, 1943.[211] Resided 1943, No.14 Weewanda Street, New Glenelg, South Australia.[211]

vii.

Arthur Robert Powell, born 2/5/1887, Adelaide, South Australia.[1,14,34,35,37]

Children of George Thomas Powell and Amelia Lane:

Richard Alfred Powell, born 8/8/1890, Kensington, South Australia.[14] Died 29/5/1962 (71yo), Unley, South Australia,[59,60] & buried Plot 189A, Path 16, Section General-AC, Centennial Park, Pasadena, Adelaide, South Australia.[59] Brass finisher, 1939, 1943.[211] Married Ada Cartwright, 14/8/1915, Holy Trinity Church, Adelaide, South Australia.[27] Both single.[27] Ada, d/o Joseph Cartwright, born 1893,[27] died c.1977 (84yo), Unley, South Australia & buried with her husband, Centennial Park, Pasadena, Adelaide, South Australia.[59] Ada employed in home duties, 1939, 1943.[211] Resided 1939, 1943, No.2 Cleland Avenue, Unley, South Australia.[211]

Children: (a)		Richard Colin Powell, born 1/8/1917, Adelaide, South Australia.[61] Brass finisher, 1943.[211] Resided 1943, No.4 Cleland Avenue, Unley, South Australia.[211]
(b)		Doris Ada Powell, born 23/7/1920, Adelaide, South Australia.[61]
(c)		Eleanor Emily Grace Powell, born 27/3/1923, Adelaide, South Australia.[61]
(d)		Raymond Alfred Powell, born 2/8/1928, Hyde Park, Adelaide, South Australia.[61]

ii.

Grace Evelyn Powell, born 16/2/1894, Adelaide, South Australia.[14] Died c.1980 (86yo), Malvern, South Australia & buried Plot 305, path 5, Section General-AE, Centennial Park, Pasadena, Adelaide, South Australia.[59] Married Harry Wing, 28/4/1915, St Luke's, Adelaide, South Australia.[27] Both single.[27] Harry, s/o Thomas Henry Wing & Eliza Ann Bagg, born 20/9/1890, Southwark, South Australia,[14,27] died c.1970 (81yo), Glandore, South Australia & buried with his wife, Centennial Park, Pasadena, Adelaide, South Australia.[59]

Children: (a)

Harry Allan Wing, born 14/4/1916, Mile End, Hindmarsh district, South Australia.[61]

iii.

Edwin Francis Powell, born 28/12/1895, Adelaide, South Australia.[14] Died 26/11/1967, Magill, Adelaide, South Australia (71yo).[60] Buried 1967, West Terrace Cemetery, Adelaide, South Australia (71yo).[202] Brass moulder, 1939, 1943.[211] Married Maud Florence Hill, 8/4/1922, Methodist Manse, South Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia.[27] Both single.[27] Maud, d/o Alfred Hill & Florence Maud Bray, born 16/1/1900, North Adelaide, South Australia,[14,27] died 1981 & buried 1981, West Terrace Cemetery, Adelaide, South Australia (81yo).[202] Maud employed in home duties, 1939, 1943.[211] Resided 1939, 1943, No.2 Cleland Avenue, Unley, South Australia.[211] Resided 1967, Unley, Adelaide, South Australia.[60]

Children: (a)		Jean Nancy Powell, born 9/8/1922, Wayville, Adelaide, South Australia.[61] Died 15/8/1922, Wayville, South Australia (6do).[60] Buried 1922, West Terrace Cemetery, Adelaide, South Australia.[202]
(b)		Muriel Powell, born 8/9/1923, Wayville, Adelaide, South Australia.[61]
(c)		Gladys Powell, born 16/8/1925, Clarence Park, Adelaide, South Australia.[61]
(d)		Maude Powell, born 24/1/1928, Hyde Park, Adelaide, South Australia.[61]

iv.

Albert John Powell, born 27/7/1897, Adelaide, South Australia.[14] Died 4/7/1966, Black Forest, Adelaide, South Australia (68yo).[60] Buried with parents, 1966, West Terrace Cemetery, Adelaide, South Australia (68yo).[202] "In loving memory of George T. Powell, Died Aug. 20th 1928, Aged 79 years. Also Amelia, Beloved wife of above, Died July 12th 1939, Aged 80 years. At rest. Also their son, Albert John 'Jack', Died 4th July 1966, Aged 68."[214] Did not marry.[211] Bank clerk, 1939, 1943.[211] Resided 1939, 1943, 48 Addison Road, Black Forest Estate, Adelaide, South Australia.[211]

Harold Walter Powell, born 4/5/1899, Adelaide, South Australia.[14] Died 13/7/1902, Adelaide, South Australia (3yo).[8] "Powell — On the 13th July, at Owen-street, Harold W., beloved youngest son of G. T. and A. Powell, of bronchitis after measles, aged 3 years and 3 months.(Advertiser 15/7/1902)"[199] Buried with parents 1902, West Terrace Cemetery, Adelaide, South Australia (3yo).[202]

Holy Trinity, Adelaide, SA, 1870
Photograph - State Library SA

William Street, Norwood, SA, 1877
Sketch - Alex Kelly

10 Owen St, Adelaide, SA
Photograph - Google StreetView

Holy Trinity Church is an Anglican church on North Terrace, in the city of Adelaide, South Australia. Holy Trinity Anglican Church is historically significant in that it contains elements of the earliest surviving Anglican church building in South Australia. Holy Trinity Church was built in three main stages. It was originally planned that the church would be a prefabricated building imported from England; however, when the prefabricated building arrived from England badly damaged, it was decided instead to build a stone church. Governor Hindmarsh laid the foundation stone on 28 January 1838 and the church opened in about August that year, within two years of the settlement of Adelaide (see History of Adelaide). The building quickly became a landmark with its ‘peaked cap’ top tower and the Vulliamy clock. In 1844 the church was closed for repairs. The body of the church was rebuilt and re-roofed and the tower lost its peaked cap. It reopened in August 1845. When Bishop Short arrived in 1847, Holy Trinity assumed many of the functions of a cathedral, and was - until other congregations were established - the place of worship for the Governors, many of the colony’s prominent families and the military. In 1878, there was a proposal to rebuild when some money was subscribed, but this did not take place until the congregation decided in the mid 1880s to completely rebuild the church to a design by the prominent architect E.J. Woods, using the mellow sandstone which eventually weathered to match the original limestone. The hall and the rectory are also significant features in the precinct. The hall was built in 1887 using a donation from a parishioner. The original rectory was a prefabricated ‘Manning’ building which arrived in better condition than the church. It was replaced by the present building in 1851, and was the home of seven successive incumbents. It is now used as offices.[Wikipedia] Norwood is a suburb of Adelaide, about 4 kilometres east of the Adelaide CBD. Norwood is named after Norwood in south London. It was first laid out in 1847. The suburb consists of four segments, being divided into north and south by the major thoroughfare of The Parade and east and west by Osmond Terrace. It is bounded on the south by Kensington Road, on the north by Magill Road, on the east by Portrush Road and on the west by Fullarton Road. It is a leafy suburb many of whose streets are lined with plane trees and older houses, though in recent years there have been more higher density (by Adelaide standards) developments . It is now a sought-after suburb to live in, but this was not always the case. The most visible landmarks in Norwood are the Norwood Town Hall and the Clayton-Wesley Uniting Church on the north east corner of Portrush Road and The Parade. The church, visible all the way up The Parade, was built over 150 years ago. Norwood was previously a working class suburb and attracted many European migrants post-World War 2. It still has a very high concentration of people of Italian background. This is reflected in the restaurants and fashion boutiques of The Parade. Saint Bartholomew's (St Bart's) in Norwood and St Matthew's in nearby Kensington are two churches with a close association with each other, with three church ministers involved in both congregations. They are both evangelical and conservative Anglican churches, with a large number of young adult members.[Wikipedia] Owen Street is the southernmost 2 blocks of Russell Street, Adelaide, ending at the intersection with South Terrace. Only three cottages remain in the street, Nos.10, 14 & 16, although additional cottages can be found on Gilbert Street, which runs off Owen & parallel to South Terrace. Street numbering indicates that there were no properties fronting onto the southernmost block of Owen Street. Only the stretch between Gilbert & Stafford Streets appears to have had properties actually fronting onto Owen Street. The three surviving 19th century cottages on Owen street are all in this section. Numbering on Owen Street appears to have been limited to No's 9-21 and No.s 8-18. No.s 9-21 have been replaced by modern apartment buildings, as has No.18. No.12 is a garage and may have originally housed a workshop or a now demolished cottage. No.10 appears to be of older construction than No.s 14-16, built of wood rather than brick, and so may have been the actual residence. Unfortunately no record of the street number the family lived at had been found to date.

14-16 Owen St, Adelaide, SA
Photograph - Google StreetView

39-43 Wright St, Adelaide, 1958
Photograph - State Library SA

48 Addison Rd, Black Forest, Adelaide
Photograph - Google StreetView

Black Forest is a suburb of Adelaide in the City of Unley. The name 'Black Forest' is reputed to have been given as a result of the dark coloured tree bark and thick dark green foliage. Unley is an inner-southern suburb of Adelaide, South Australia. Prior to British settlement, Unley was home to the indigenous peoples of the Kaurna tribe. The land was cleared of native forest to farm sheep and cattle and to plant vineyards and orchards. There were also farms. Since then, it has developed into a commercial hub, just south of Adelaide's city centre. The suburb also has a significant Greek Australian population. The City of Unley began life as a series of large rural holdings that were sold prior to settlement. Once the colonists arrived, the land was subdivided and small villages sprang up to cater to the new residents. The first six subdivisions were Unley and Unley park, which were subdivided 1840, Goodwood, Fullarton and Parkside in 1849 and Black Forest in 1850. Unley acted as a town centre for the growing number of communities, but each settlement had its own shops, schools, tradesmen, pubs and churches. Villages continued to sprint up on the main roads between Adelaide, Mitcham and Glen Osmond, as orchards and vineyards were planted, dairies and olive oil and jam making factories opened. As the new subdivisions were opened, the space between the villages closed up, especially from the 1880s on. Open land that had been bush and farmland filled with houses and Unley gradually grew in to the united community it is today. By the end of the 1920s, the area was almost completely subdivided and the scattered villages had merged into a single city. The concept of the City of Villages survives today in the varying characters of the suburbs and shopping precincts that combine to make up the City of Unley.[Wikipedia, Unley, Wikipedia, Unley]

Australian Spring Dray, 1948
Photograph - C. Goodwin

Belmont House, Masonic Hall
Photograph - Walking Melbourne

Masonic Hall Flinders Street, Adelaide, 1890
Photograph - Ernest Gall

In Australia and New Zealand, sprung carts were known as spring drays, a name only occasionally used elsewhere. A sprung cart was a light, one-horse (or more usually pony), two-wheeled vehicle with road springs, for the carriage of passengers on informal occasions. Its name varied according to the body mounted on it. Examples were the ralli car, jaunting car, governess cart, tax cart (or taxed cart) and Whitechapel cart. Some light domestic delivery vans were also of this pattern. An Australian spring cart was a simple cart designed for carrying goods and did not have seating for driver or passengers. The driver usually sat on the sacks or goods carried. The shafts were wider than usual to accommodate a draught horse or a part bred one. The un-sprung cart by contrast was a simple, sturdy, one-horse, two-wheeled vehicle used by roadmen, farmers and the like for road metal or dung.[Wikipedia] Belmont House Masonic Hall is the home of the Adelaide Lodge of Truth 8. Belmont House, located in Brougham Place, North Adelaide, was originally constructed in 1858 as a Masonic Hall to a design by the noted architect Edmund Wright. It is on the Register of the National Estate and the State Heritage List. On 27 December 1858, when the hall was dedicated for Masonic purposes, Wright was addressed as "Brother Architect", suggesting that he was a Freemason. The explorer John McDouall Stuart became a Freemason in this building. in August 1859.[Heritage of Freemasonry] The Flinders Street Masonic Hall is a neo-classical building features decorative balustrading on the parapet and upstairs balconies. Above the main arched doorway on both floors the keystone is carved with a human face. The building was used by the Grand Lodge of Freemasons, South Australia from 1884.[State Library of SA] Initially lodge meetings were held in inns or public houses. A perusal of the history of public houses reveals that several were named "Freemasons Hotel". The site for the Alfred Masonic Hall was purchased by the Irish Constitution in 1864. The foundation stone of the English Constitution's Freemasons' Hall, Flinders Street, was laid in 31 May 1869, and the building was completed and consecrated several months later. By October this building had been vacated due to financial difficulties, and the English Constitution moved temporarily to the Alfred Masonic Hall in Waymouth Street. After some time in Eagle Chambers the English Constitution returned to Flinders Street after purchasing Freemasons' Hall and the Earl of Zetland Hotel. This site became the headquarters of the new Grand Lodge on its formation in 1884. In 1922 a site was secured in North Terrace, Adelaide.[Freemasonry Australia] Mark Freemasonry is one of the Masonic orders practiced in Australia. Mark Masonry, as a speculative Degree, is known to be more than 200 years old, although it was not until 1856 that the first Grand Lodge of Mark Master Masons was constituted in London. In South Australia, the Adelaide Lodge of Mark Master Masons was formed by a small group of Mark Masons in 1854, with John Lazar as Chief Architect, and six other officers. This Lodge seems not to have met again. Later several members helped form the Leinster Mark Lodge which continues to meet as part of the Duke of Leinster Royal Arch, while others became involved in the English Constitution Adelaide Lodge of Mark Master Masons No.41 which was warranted from England in 1859. In 1906 three Lodges - Adelaide, Moonta and Pirie - combined to form the Grand Lodge of Mark Master Masons of South Australia. The first Grand Master of Mark Masons in South Australia was The Rt Hon.Sir Samuel J. Way, Bart., PC, Lieutenant Governor and Chief Justice of South Australia, and also Grand Master of Craft Freemasonry in South Australia.[Freemasonry Australia] Tyler (or Tiler) is the name of the office of outer guard of a Masonic Lodge. Early Masonic lodges met in rooms in taverns and other public meeting places, and all Lodges appoint a Tyler to guard the door from unqualified, malicious or simply curious people. Although an Officer of the Lodge and often a highly experienced Past Master, he may be considered akin to a sergeant: In some cases the Tyler may not even be a member of the lodge, but a mason from another lodge employed for the purpose. Other duties often involve preparing the room for meetings, supply regalia, and act as permanent caretaker of the furniture and premises. He is charged with examining the Masonic credentials of anyone wishing to enter the Lodge and keeping unqualified persons from infiltrating Masonic meetings, and admitting only those qualified. In most jurisdictions, the Tyler is required to be outside the Lodge door for large portions of the meeting, although usually in a position to overhear the proceedings. The position has often been given to a deserving Mason who has fallen on hard times, such as the original Grand Master Anthony Sayer, or to a senior Lodge member who can help and advise those kept waiting outside. In some lodges the Worshipful Master has the authority to permit or direct the Tyler to "tyle from within" during the non-ritualistic portions of a meeting. If tyling from within, the Tyler must first secure the outer doors of the Tyler's anteroom. He would then leave the inner door open between the lodge room and the Tyler's anteroom, and sit at the seat closest to the door, still holding his drawn sword. Tyling from within enables the Tyler to participate in the business portions of the meeting, voice his opinions, volunteer for committees, deliver reports, and receive instruction if any be given. The origins of the term are unclear and a number of hypotheses have been presented over time. The name may simply come from the occupation of tyler - a person who lays roof and floor tiles, perhaps because he had failed to qualify for more skilled work as a mason. More suggestions include possibly from the name of Wat Tyler, the ringleader of the Peasants' Revolt of 1381; possibly a revision of the word tether, used to tie the door closed; possibly that the tyler once sat on the roof of the lodge on the 'tiles' to stop people looking in through the roof; & possibly owing to the tiles being those stones or bricks which seal the structural masonry, whether they be on floors, walls or roofs, likewise, the Tyler seals the remainder of the activities of the lodge.[Wikipedia] The senior officer of a Masonic Lodge is the Master, normally addressed and referred to as the "Worshipful Master". The Worshipful Master sits in the East of the lodge room, directs all of the business of his lodge, and is vested with considerable powers without further reference to the members. He also presides over ritual and ceremonies. The office of Worshipful Master is the highest honor to which a lodge may appoint any of its members. The office is filled by election, generally by means of a secret ballot. However, in most lodges the progression is such that the post will almost always be filled by the previous year's Senior Warden. At the conclusion of his term of office, a Worshipful Master becomes known as a Past Master. The duties and privileges of Past Masters vary from lodge to lodge and jurisdiction to jurisdiction. For example, in some jurisdictions Past Masters are considered voting members of the Grand Lodge, while in others they are not. In most jurisdictions, a Past Master continues to be addressed with the honorific "Worshipful" (as in "Worshipful Brother Smith"), however there are a few jurisdictions where this honorific is used exclusively for sitting Masters.[Wikipedia] For additional background information on the Masons, refer to the background material for 1.2.2.1.1 Arthur Robert Powell, below.

Harriet Powell grave
West Terrace Cemetery
Photo - Yvonne Baldock

George T. Powell grave
West Terrace Cemetery
Photo - Yvonne Baldock

Harold W. Powell grave
West Terrace Cemetery
Photo - Yvonne Baldock

George Powell family plot
West Terrace Cemetery
Photo - Yvonne Baldock

Burt Street, Boulder, WA, 1913-1917
Photograph - John Joseph Dwyer

Gold miners, Boulder, c.1900s
Photograph - John Joseph Dwyer

Great Boulder Gold Mine, c.1910
Photograph - State Library WA

Boulder was a town in the Western Australian goldfields 595km east of Perth and bordering onto the town of Kalgoorlie in the Eastern Goldfields region. In 1989 the towns of Kalgoorlie and Boulder were merged to form the City of Kalgoorlie-Boulder. After the merger Boulder officially became a suburb of Kalgoorlie. Boulder, known as the home of the Super Pit, it is one of Kalgoorlie-Boulder's historical suburbs featuring many buildings and landmarks dating as far back as 1882. It was once the central business district for the Town of Boulder, but since amalgamation with Kalgoorlie, it is now more of a historical local centre. Boulder has its own post office, town hall and many hotels along its main thoroughfare, Burt Street. The Fimiston Open Pit, colloquially known as the Super Pit, is Australia's largest open cut gold mine. The Super Pit is located off the Goldfields Highway on the south-east edge of Kalgoorlie-Boulder, Western Australia. It approximately 3.6km long, 1.6km wide and 512 metres deep. At these dimensions, it is large enough to be seen from space. The Super Pit is owned by Kalgoorlie Consolidated Gold Mines Pty Ltd. The mine produces 850,000 ounces (28 tonnes) per year of gold, and employs around 550 employees directly on site. Originally consisting of a number of small underground mines, the Super Pit was consolidated into a single open pit mine in 1989. Every now and again the digging reveals an old shaft containing abandoned equipment and vehicles from the earlier mines. Most of the good gold mined in the Super Pit occurs within ore lodes formed by ancient shears in a rock unit called the Golden Mile Dolerite. As the result, the area is known as the Golden Mile even though the lodes occur in an area over 2 km in width and 1 km in depth. Since 1893, when Irishman Paddy Hannan first made his famous discovery, more than 50 million ounces (1,550 t) of gold have been mined from the Golden Mile.[Wikipedia, Wikipedia, Wikipedia, WA Vista]

Railway Yard, Perth, WA, c.1900
Photograph - A. Pickering

Near 142 West Terrace, Adelaide, 1957
Photograph - State Library SA

Near 185 West Terrace, Adelaide, 1930
Photograph - State Library SA

Maud A. H. Powell
Photo - Peter Gregory

Lancelot Gregory, c.1910
Photo - Peter Gregory

Maud & Lancelot, 1907
Photo - Peter Gregory

Maud Gregory & kids
Photo - Peter Gregory

Maud A. H. Gregory, 1950s
Photo - Peter Gregory

Lancelot Arthur & Helen Gladys Gregory
Photograph - Peter Gregory

2 Cleland Avenue, Unley, SA
Photograph - Realestate.com

4 Cleland Avenue, Unley, SA
Photograph - Realestate.com

The Methodist Manse on South Terrace was at No.36. There is no evidence of a church, Methodist or otherwise, in the immediate area. It has been suggested it was the manse for the Franklin Street, Methodist church. However that church was, at the time, near the opposite side of the city. It is possible the church was the residence of a clergyman, possibly self-proclaimed, who performed marriages, presumably more cheaply & at shorter notice than in a church. Such ministers were not uncommon in the 1800s. In 1909 the property was advertised for lease "Superior Home offered two young Gentlemen, share room, every convenience.-36, South-terrace west."[Trove]

1.2.2.2. Mary Ann Powell, (s/o Henry Joseph Powell, s/o George Powell, s/o James Powell) born 21/8/1854,[1,10,17,19,20] No.14 John Street, Kennington, (now Bolney Street, South Lambeth, London),[19] Co Surrey, England.[1,10,20] Baptised by Rev. William Bowley, 10/9/1854, St Barnabas Church of England, Guilford Road, South Kennington, London, England.[17,19] Died 12/8/1931, Unley, Adelaide, South Australia (78yo).[60] Emigrated to Adelaide, South Australia, with parents, departing Southampton, England, 21/5/1856, arriving Port Adelaide 20/8/1856 on the "Eliza",[1,10,58] (Henry J. 34yo, Mary 32yo, George T. 7yo, Charles H. 4yo & Mary A. 1yo).[10,58] Married Richard Alfred Simons, 28/11/1875, St George, Gawler, South Australia.[27] Both single.[27] Richard, s/o Richard Roguin Simons, born 1856,[27] died 8/5/1933, Fullarton, Adelaide, South Australia (85yo).[60] Resided 1931, 1933, Unley, Adelaide, South Australia.[60]

Children of Mary Ann Powell & Richard Alfred Simons:

Harriet Matilda Simons, born 17/3/1876, Adelaide, South Australia.[14] Died 27/6/1960, Malvern, Adelaide, South Australia (84yo).[60] Married Henry Alexander Denton, 14/8/1897, Registrey Office, Adelaide, South Australia.[27] Both single.[27] Henry, s/o Charles John Denton & Margaret Claughton, born 20/4/1872, Currency Creek, South Australia,[14,27] died 27/6/1929, Adelaide, South Australia (56yo).[60] Resided 1929, Peterhead, Adelaide, South Australia.[60] Resided 1960, Woodville Gardens, Adelaide, South Australia.[60]

Children: (a)		Alfred Alexander Denton, born 26/10/1897, Adelaide, South Australia.[14] Died 4/7/1916, Peterhead, Adelaide, South Australia (18yo).[60]
(b)		Harold Richard Denton, born 2/12/1898, Adelaide, South Australia.[14] Died 23/1/1967, Kingston, South Australia (69yo).[60] Married Mary Lydia Parker, 20/12/1924, Baptist Church, Semaphore, South Australia.[27] Mary, d/o Edward, born 1895.[27] Resided 1967, Bosuns Point, South Australia.[60]
(c)		Alick Frederick Thomas Denton, born 27/11/1900, Prospect, South Australia.[14] Married Gladys Irene Vale, 10/10/1925, Draper Memorial Church, Adelaide, South Australia.[27] Gladys, d/o William, born 1904.[27]

ii.

Henry Roguin Simons, born 15/2/1878, Willaston, South Australia.[14] Died 22/6/1921, Adelaide, South Australia (44yo).[60] Married Elizabeth Ada Glanville, 23/1/1899, North Adelaide, South Australia.[27] Both single.[27] Marriage at residence of Rev. J. J. Darwin.[27] Elizabeth, d/o Frederick David Glanville, born 1879.[27]

Children: (a)

Alfred William Casseltine Simons, born 8/6/1899, Adelaide, South Australia.[14] Married Violet Ann Manton, 30/9/1922, Deaf & Dumb Church, Adelaide, South Australia.[27] Both single.[27] Violet, d/o Alfred George Manton, born 1899.[27]

Children: (1)		Doreen Hazel Simons, born 17/1/1925, Adelaide, South Australia.[61]
(2)		Ronald Henry George Simons, born 30/3/1927, Maylands, Adelaide, South Australia.[61]
(3)		Bessie Violet Simons, born 16/10/1928, Medindie, Adelaide, South Australia.[61]

(b)

Amanda Emma Florence Simons, born 13/2/1904, Adelaide, South Australia.[14] Married Melville Stirling Markwick, 2/6/1923, Parsonage, South Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia.[27] Both single.[27] Melville born 1901.[27]

(c)

Henry Frederick Ruigan Simons, born 31/3/1909, Adelaide, South Australia.[61] Married Laurel Mona Lukeman, 22/3/1930, Methodist Parsonage, South Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia.[27] Both single.[27] Laurel, d/o Frederick William Lukeman, born 1909.[27]

(d)

Charles Arthur Simons, born 8/6/1910, Adelaide, South Australia.[61]

(e)

Jack Arnold Simons, born 9/6/1913, Adelaide, South Australia.[61]

(f)

Ada Mary Kate Simons, born 24/2/1917, Adelaide, South Australia.[61]

(g)

Robert James Simons, born 17/10/1921, Adelaide, South Australia.[61]

iii.

William Walter Skats Simons, born 3/3/1880, Alberton, South Australia.[14] Died 5/7/1946, Stepney, Adelaide, South Australia (67yo).[60] Married Leah Louisa Kilby (defacto).[14] Married 2nd Grace Adeline Whaley, 14/4/1914, Registry Office, Adelaide, South Australia.[27] William single, Grace previously married.[27] Grace, d/o Robert Sutton, born 1874,[27] died 24/10/1952, Rosewater Gardens, Adelaide, South Australia (81yo).[60]

Children: (a)		Adelaide Leah Simons, born 15/1/1899, Adelaide, South Australia.[14] Married Frederick Walter Tilley, 6/6/1925, Methodist Parsonage, South Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia.[27] Both single.[27] Frederick, s/o Frederickl Sr, born 1895.[27]
(b)		Walter William Frederick Simons, born 25/2/1900, Adelaide, South Australia.[14]
(c)		Charles George Richard Simons, born 4/5/1901, Adelaide, South Australia.[14]
(d)		Olive Winnie Simons, born 3/10/1912, Adelaide, South Australia.[61] Married George Earle, 14/12/1929, Norwood, South Australia.[27] Marriage at residence of district registrar.[27] George, s/o George Arthur, born 1910.[27]
(e)		Ruby Maud Matilda Simons, born 18/7/1914, Adelaide, South Australia.[14] Married Charles Frederick Walters, 26/1/1932, Registry Office, Adelaide, South Australia.[27] Both single.[27] Charles, s/o Arthur Isaac, born 1915.[27]

iv.

Hilda Mary Simons, born 7/7/1882, Willaston, South Australia.[14] Died 11/4/1942, Croydon, Adelaide, South Australia (59yo).[60] Married Charles Henry Frost, 6/4/1903, Holy Trinity, Adelaide, South Australia.[27] Both single.[27] Charles, s/o Elias Frost & Sarah Wright, born 30/1/1882, Hindmarsh, South Australia,[14,27] died 2/10/1964, Croydon, Adelaide, South Australia (82yo).[60]

Children: (a)		Lillian Florence May Frost, born 10/10/1903, Glenelg, South Australia.[14] Married Gordon Duncan, 9/3/1926, Church of Christ, Croydon, South Australia.[27] Both single.[27] Gordon, s/o George Edward, born 1898.[27]
(b)		Richard Elias Frost, born 20/6/1906, Glenelg, South Australia.[14] Married Thora Roma Morcom, 27/12/1930, St Luke's, Adelaide, South Australia.[27] Both single.[27] Thora, d/o John Henry, born 1905.[27]

Florence Bertha Simons, born 30/4/1885, Queenstown, South Australia.[14] Died 2/6/1893, Adelaide, South Australia.[8]

vi.

Dora Elizabeth Ellen Simons, born 14/7/1887, Queenstown, South Australia.[14] Married James Thomas Muirhead, 10/10/1904, Adelaide, South Australia.[27] Both single.[27] Marriage at residence of Robert Muirhead.[27] James, s/o Robert Muirhead & Ann Curtin, born 14/7/1884, Adelaide, South Australia,[14,27] & died 18/8/1953, Everard Park, Adelaide, South Australia (69yo).[60]

Children: (a)		Ellen Annie Mary Muirhead, born 25/3/1905, Rose Park, South Australia.[14] Married Stanley Cyril Lahiff, 28/4/1923, Maughan Church Vestry, Adelaide, South Australia.[27] Both single.[27] Stanley, s/o David, born 1905.[27]
(b)		Jessie Florence Jean Muirhead, born 1908, South Australia.[27] Married John Sim Newington, 2/6/1928, Maughan Church Vestry, Adelaide, South Australia.[27] Both single.[27] John, s/o Ernest Robert, born 1904.[27]

St George C/E, Gawler, SA
Photograph - Organ Historical Trust

Victoria Hotel, Willaston, SA. 1880
Photograph - State Library SA

Prince of Wales Hotel, Queenstown, 1910
Photograph - State Library SA

The first Church of St George, Gawler, was consecrated on Tuesday March 21st 1848. The present building was begun in 1858.[Organ Trust Australia] Willaston is a suburb of Gawler. Queenstown & Alberton are suburbs of Port Adelaide.

1.2.2.1.1. Arthur Robert Powell,[49] (s/o George Thomas Powell, s/o Henry Joseph Powell, s/o George Powell, s/o James Powell) born 2/5/1887,[1,14,34,35,36,37,209] Owen Street (Grey Ward),[34,37] Adelaide, South Australia.[1,14,34,35,37,209] Birth was registered 13/6/1887, George Thomas Powell the informant.[34] Died 5/9/1951, Repatriation General Hospital, Concord, Sydney, NSW, Australia,[26,36,37,200] & buried Botany Cemetery, Sydney, NSW, Australia.[36] Cause of death was cerebral hemorrhage.[26]

"Powell, Arthur Robert. September 5 1951 at Repatriation General Hospital Concord beloved father of Hazel (Mrs H Wells) Alfred; Edna (Mrs A Stacey); Joyce (Mrs B Way); Estelle (Mrs H Hughes); and Ronald William, aged 64 years. Powell - The Relatives and Friends of the late Arthur Robert Powell of 3 Lone Pine Parade, Matraville are invited to attend his funeral which will leave Thomas Dixon's Funeral Chapel, 147 Anzac Parade, Kingsford, This Afternoon at 3 o'clock for the Church of England Cemetery, Botany. Joseph Medcalf, A.F.D.A., 172 Redfern Street, Redfern. Phone MX2315. Powell - The Totally and Permanently Disabled Soldiers Association, NSW Branch. The Officers and Members of the above are invited to attend the Funeral of their late esteemed Member Arthur Robert Powell, No 4865, 3rd Batt., 1st A.I.F. For further particulars see family notice. P.F. Eedy, President; S Swaine Secretary; R. A. J. Whitby, Liaison Officer. Phone Ryde 1281. Powell - The Members of the Maroubra Sub Branch and Club, R.S.S. and A.I.L.A. are invited to attend the Funeral of their late esteemed Member Arthur Robert Powell. For further particulars see family notice. A Ryan, President; W. Essery, Secretary.(SMH 7/9/1951)"[200]

Funeral was originally planned, as above, but postponed as the coroner ordered an autopsy & would not release the body in time for the funeral.[26] Enlisted in the Australian Imperial Force at the Sydney Town Hall on 1/9/1915. The application shows Arthur as aged 28 years and 3 months.& married. Occupation as Ironmoulder, never apprenticed & had no previous military service. At enlistment his address was No.11 Francis Street, Enmore. NSW. Further information on his Attestation Papers show him as born in Adelaide, South Australia, next-of-kin, his wife Margaret Rose Powell. Physical description given as: 5' 6" tall, chest measurements were 34 – 36.5 inches, fresh complexion, blue & good eyes & good, brown hair, Church of England. No distinguishing marks or features. His medical examination shows him as fit for active service. Arthur was taken and subscribed at Warwick Farm, NSW. Service Number: 4865, Pay Book Number 168762. Unit: 15th Reinforcement / 2nd Battalion. During the time enlisted he was also transferred to the 3rd Battalion and also the 54th Battalion.[37] Served with 54th Battalion (later transferred to the 3rd Battalion), with the rank of Private, seeing action in France during WWI where he was wounded, upon recovery he returned to France where he sufferred recurring bouts of trench fever.[37] Returned to Australia on the "Boonah', departing England 20/4/1919.[37] Received a medical discharge, 28/8/1919, upon his return.[37] Saw action at the Battle of Fromelles, France,.[26,216] the Somme Winter Campaigne 1916/1917, Third Battle of Ypres and Messinies-Wtyschaete.[216]

31 August 1916	Applied to enlist in A.I.F., Sydney Town Hall
1 September 1916	Enlisted A.I.F.
9 September 1916	Certified fit for active duty & joined A.I.F.
8 March 1916	Embarked at Sydney per A15 "Star of England" for active service abroad
20 April 1916	Transferred to 54th Battalion, rank of private. Taken on strength 54th Btn. From 15th Rfts. 2nd Btn. At Ferry Post
19 June 1916	Embarked H.T. "Caledonian" to join B.E.F. ex Alexandria. {BEF = British Expeditionary Force, Belgium, France, England. H.T. = Hired Transport}
29 June 1916	Disembarked "Caledonian" at Marseilles
19/20 July 1916	Wounded in Action, France. Injury at the front. (Injured left shoulder joint, Parapet fell upon him)
21 July 1916	Admitted to 3rd Canadian General Hospital – Boulogne. Shell shock – mild.
8 August 1916	Discharged from Hospital Headquarters. Etaples. Transferred to Base Details. Fit.
6 October 1916	Rejoined Unit from wounds, France.
1 November 1916	Admitted Field Ambulance ex unit to hospital sick.
5 November 1916	Admitted to 1st A.G. Hospital, Rouen. P.U.O. (Pyrexia of Unknown Origin, Fever)
14 November 1916	Change of address for wife from Enmore P.O. to 11 Stafford St. Adelaide, South Australia
20 November 1916	Embarked of Hospital Ship "Asturia" at Havre for England. P.U.O.
21 November 1916	Admitted to 3rd Aust. General Hospital, Brighton, P.U.O. slight.
8 December 1916	Sent to F.A. (field ambulance) from unit. France.
18 January 1917	Discharged from Hospital, granted furlough and to report to Wareham 2.2.1917. (Furlough 18.1.17 to 2.2.17)
25 January 1917	Marched into No. 4 Command Depot, Wareham from No.2 Com Depot Weymouth, ex furlough
14 March 1917	Marched out to No. 3 Com. Depot Hurdcott from No. 4 Com. Depot Wareham
19 March 1917	Marched into No. 3 Com. From No. 4 Com. Depot Hurdcott
22 March 1917	Temp. Att. To Hqs. No. 3 Com. Depot Hurdcott from 54th Bn.
26 March 1917	Sick to Fovant Hospital, Hurdcott
25 April 1917	Marched into No. 3 Command Depot, Hurdcott, ex Hospital
27 May 1917	Proc. O/seas to France ex Inf. Draft Depot Perham Downs via Southampton
17 June 1917	Crime: AWL. Award: Forfeit 3 days pay 18.6.17. AWL from 2130 until arrested by MP at 2200 17.6.17. Award = forfeit 3 days pay under A.A.46 – (2) (d) by O/C 5th Aust. Div Base Dep. 18.6.17 (15/-) France.
7 September 1917	Rejoined Unit ex Hospital England. France
20 December 1917	Admitted to 24th General Hospital. Etaples. N.Y.D. (Not Yet Determined)
7 January 1918	Embarked for England on Hospital Ship “Newhaven” – Trench Fever. Etaples. Admitted to Horton County of London War Hospital, Epsom.
5 April 1918	Adm. 3rd Aust Hospital, Dartford
14 April 1918	Discharged from Hospital to No. 3 Command Depot. Hurdcott.
2 May 1918	Offence: Hurdcott – failing to comply with an order given by his superior Officer.
3 May 1918	AWARD: 3 days C.C
30 July 1918	Marched in from No. 3 Com. Depit, Hurdcott (Class BIA 3) Sutton Veny.
9 August 1918	Marched in from No. 1 Comm Dep, Sutton Veny. Marched out to O/seas Lng Bde.
6 September 1918	Embarked overseas to France – Folkstone, England.
8 September 1918	To hospital sick off draft proceeding to Aust. Infantry Base Depot ex UK. Marched in from UK, France, ex sick. Admitted to 3rd Canadian General Hospital, Boulogne. ACCIDENT: Injury to Groin.
17 September 1918	Transferred to 10th Convl. Depot. Cault.
28 September 1918	To Base ex Hospital.
4 October 1918	Marched out 3rd Bn. A.I.B.D. Haure
11 October 1918	Trans. To 3rd Bn. AIF Field ex A.I.B.D, rank of private. Taken on strength from 54th Bn. ex A.I.B.D
14 October 1918	Admitted to 1st A.F.A. Rest Stn. Dental Discharged to duty. (A.F.A. Aust Field Artillery)
15 Oct 1918	To Hospital Sick – Field.
20 October 1918	Rejoined Unit
17 January 1919	To 1st Div. Hqrs.
22 January 1919	Rejoined Unit
31 January 1919	Admitted to 1st A. Fld Ambulance N.Y.D. (Not Yet Determined) Transferred to Rest Station.
4 February 1919	Discharged to duty.
6 February 1919	Returned Unit.
12 February 1919	Marched out for Return to Australia
24 February 1919	Marched out to U.K.
25 February 1919	Disembarked Weymouth and marched into No.3 Camp, Parkhouse.
20 March 1919	Marched out to B.A.A. Heytesbury. Marched in from Parkhouse, Heytesbury.
20 April 1919	Left England for R.T.A. per “Boonah” fro, England. Demobilization.
8 June 1919	Disembarked Melbourne for Sydney ---Transhipped "Sardinia"
11 June 1919	Medical Report on Invalid. 19 July 1916: Injured whilst in action. Injured left shoulder joint July 1916. Parapet fell upon him – evacuated and away 10 weeks. Again evacuated to England in Nov. 1916. On returning to France, could not carry a full pack. Had massage and electrical treatment in April and May 1918. Cannot use arm for lifting. Pain in tenderness in left shoulded joint. Not much wasting of muscles and movement of joint not restricted. Disability estimated at 20%. Certified by Captain A. J. Coye, medical officer. Discharged confirmed by Major A. L. Kerr, Discharge Medical Board, 2nd Military District.
28 August 1919	Discharged from the A.I.F. at Sydney as medically unfit. Issued with two medals: British War Medal No. 34395 & Victory Medal No.33955.

A letter to Arthur's wife, Mrs M. R. Powell, c/o Enmore Post Office, NSW, dated 25/8/1916, from the Base Records Office, Victoria Barracks, read:

"Dear Madam.
I regret to advise you that information has been received to the effect that Private A.R. Powell, 54th Battalion, was admitted to the 3rd Canadian General Hospital, 21/7/16, suffering from Shell Shock, mild. His postal address will therefore be:-
No. 4865 Private A.R. Powell, “SICK” 54th Australian Infantry,
C/o Australian Imperial Force Headquarters, 130 Horseferry Road, Westminster, LONDON. S.W.
Any further particulars to hand will be promplty transmitted.
Yours faithfully, J.M. Lean. Major. Officer i/c Base Records."
The letter was returned as 'unclaimed' (Margaret had moved to Adelaide but had not notified of an address change).

Dated a few months later:

A letter from William Martin, officer in charge of the Expeditionary Force Pay Office, North Terrace, Adelaide, to the Secretary, Department of Defence, Melbourne, dated 10/11/1916, included an address change for Arthur's wife and the note "Remarks:- The wife advises that she saw in NSW papers, a notice as to soldier being wounded, and has also had advice from soldier to that effect, but no advice from Defence Department. Possibly her present address is not known to you. If no further news to communicate, it would not be necessary to advise her, as she is about to go to nursing home very shortly."

A letter to Arthur's wife, Mrs M. R. Powell, dated 5/2/1918, from the Base Records Office, Victoria Barracks, Melbourne, read:

"Dear Madam,
I now beg to advise you that Private A.R. Powell, has been reported admitted to Horton County London War Hospital, Epsom, England, 2.1.18 suffering from Trench Fever. His postal address will be:-
No. 4865 Private A.R. Powell, 54th Battalion (late 2nd Battalion), Australian Imperial Force, Abroad.
In the absence of further reports it is to be assumed that satisfactory progress is being maintained, but anything later received will be promptly transmitted, it being clearly understood that if no further advise is forwarded this department has no more information to supply.
Yours faithfully, J.M. Lean, Major, Officer in Charge, Base Records.

Letter from William Powell (brother), in his own handwriting:

June 15th 1919.
Major Dean,
Dear Sir,
I am writing in reference to Private A.R. Powell, 54th Battalion, He enlisted in Sydney, but had his money transferred to South Australia. His wife was notified he was to arrive in Melbourne by the Troopship Boonah, but he didn’t come through with the other Boys. We are wondering if he had to go on to Sydney to get his discharge there.
Will you kindly communicate as soon as possible, as we can’t find anything out concerning him over this side and we are anxiously awaiting his arrival.
You will greatly oblige, Yours truly, W. Powell, 142 West Terrace, Adelaide. S.Aus. Kindly write to this address.

Reply to William Powell's letter:

20th June, 1919
Dear Sir,
I have to acknowledge receipt of your letter dated 15th instant, and in reply to state No. 4865 Private A.R. Powell, 3rd Battalion, disembarked at Melbourne ex H.T. “Boonah” on 8.6.19 and re-embarked for Sydney per H.T. “Sardinia”
His present address is not known here, but a communication directed as under should reach him:-
Returned to Australia.
No. 4865 Private A.R. Powell. 3rd Battalion, C/o S.O.I. & R.S., Victoria Barracks, SYDNEY. N.S.W.
Yours faithfully, Officer i/c Base.

Ironmoulder, 1910, 1916, 1935.[35,37,49,209] Worked at Garden Island (as ironmoulder), 1920s, 1930s.[26] Retired early due to injuries incurred during WW1, according to family tradition was wounded in the 'stomach' in WW1 & had lost part of his stomach.[26] Freemason - admitted to the Third Degree at the Balmain, Sydney, Lodge, in 1921, admitted to the Royal Arch Degree of the Army and Navy Chapter, Sydney, in 1922 and later made Grand Master of the Maroubra branch.[36,50]

"The United Grand Lodge of New South Wales of Ancient, Free and Accepted Masons.
Know all men by these presents that our brother Arthur Robert Powell who hath signed his name in the margin hereof was regularly received into Free Masonry on the 18th day of May A.L. 5921 and has been admitted to the Third Degree on the 10th day of October A.L.5921 in the Sir Colin Campbell Lodge No.92, Balmain and that his name has been duly Registered in the Books of the Grand Lodge accordingly. In testimony whereof I have hereunto subscribed my name and affixed the Seal of the United Grand Lodge of New South Wales at Sydney the twelfth day of October, A.L.2921, A.D. 1921. This Certificate shall not entitle a Brother to admission into any Lodge without due Examination.
Arthur May, Grand Secretary. Wm. Thompson, Grand Master."[50]
"The most excellent Principals and Scribes of the Army and Navy Royal Arch Chapter No. U.D. held in Sydney, NSW, having certified and declared unto us the Grand Principals, Office Bearers and Members of the Supreme Grand Royal Arch Chapter of Scotland that our truly and well beloved Companion Brother Arthur Robert Powell having been duly admitted to the Degrees of Mark and Excellent Master and properly recommended, was by them in full Chapter assembled upon the 8th day of July 1922 Exalted to and instructed in The Mysteries of the Royal Arch Degree of Free masonry. We therefore hereby Ratify and Confirm to him all the Privileges of a regular Royal Arch Mason and recommend him to the attention and care of all the Companions of that Degree over the Globe. In Testimony whereof we have delivered unto him this Our Diploma having for better security caused him to sign his name on the first Pillar thereof. {signed A. R. Powell}
Given under the hand of our Grand Scribe and Sealed with our Seal at Royal Arch Masons' Hall, Edinburgh, this 10th day of January, A.D. 1923, A.L. 5927, A.1.2453. Signed by Alfred A. Murray G.S.E. & Harry J. Ford G.S.E., with the seal of the Supreme Grand Royal Arch Chaprter of Scotland."[50]

Married Margaret Rose McDonald,[37,49,61,209] 21/3/1910, Lawson House, Zetland (Waterloo), Sydney, NSW, Australia.[22,35,36] Both single & signed their names.[35] Witnesses J. F. Hickey & B. Hickey.[35] Marriage by Rev. John Beckenham according to the rites of the Congregational Church.[35] At the time of the marriage Arthur resided Waterloo, Sydney & Margaret resided Alexandria, Sydney.[35] Margaret Rose, d/o William Hubert McDonald and Roseannah Brown,[35] born 20/7/1887, Adelong, near Tumut, NSW, Australia,[35,36,48,209] died 29/11/1940, Matraville, Sydney, NSW, Australia (53yo),[22,36,48,201] and buried at Botany Cemetery, Sydney, NSW, Australia.[36] Cause of death was thrombosis of the coronary artery.[48] "Powell-A tribute of everlasting love to the beautiful memory of Margaret Rose, called suddenly to rest November 29, 1940. Always remembered and sadly missed by her loving husband and family.(SMH 29/11/1943)"[201] Margaret was a tailoress, 1910.[35] Resided 1910, Waterloo, Sydney, NSW, Australia.[35] Resided 1915, No.11 Francis Street, Enmore, Sydney, NSW, Australia.[37] By 28/8/1916 Margaret had left Enmore,[37] probably already living in Adelaide. Resided 10/11/1916, 14/11/1916, 5/1/1917 (Margaret & children), No.11 Stafford Street, Adelaide, South Australia.[37,209] Margaret resided 1918, No.32 Charles Street, Unley, Adelaide, South Australia.[37,209] Resided c.1919-1921,[26] Ashfield, Sydney, NSW, Australia.[26,36] Resided 1921-1951, Matraville Soldiers Settlement, No.3 Lone Pine Parade, Matraville, Sydney, NSW, Australia.[26,36,200]

Children of Arthur Robert Powell and Margaret Rose McDonald:

Arthur George Thomas Powell,[36] born 1910, Newtown, Sydney, NSW, Australia.[22] Died 1910, Newtown, Sydney, Australia.[22] Died at birth.[36]

ii.

Hazel May Powell, born 15/12/1911, Portland, Sydney, NSW, Australia.[22,36] Died 8/6/1974, Prince Henry Hospital, Little Bay, Sydney, NSW, Australia,[36] & buried Botany Cemetery, Sydney, NSW, Australia.[36] Furrier, prior to marriage.[36] Married George William Henry Wells,[53] 1933, Redfern, Sydney, NSW, Australia.[22] {According to [26] marriage may have been at St George, Soldier's Settlement, Matraville, Sydney - both the Powell & Well's families lived in the Solider's Settlement at the time} George, s/o Henry J. & Annie G., born 23/11/1911, Petersham, Sydney, NSW, Australia & and died 26/6/1999,[36] Repatriation Hospital, North Shore, Sydney, NSW, Australia.[26] Employed by Montepiete.[36] Employed Prince Henry Hospital, Sydney.[26] Resided No.119 Gale Road, Maroubra, Sydney, NSW, Australia.[26] Resided Avoca Street, Randwick, Sydney, NSW, Australia.[26] George served in 6th Batallion, WWII.[26]

Children: (a)

Maureen Rose Wells, born 6/2/1938, Women's Hospital, Paddington, Sydney, NSW, Australia.[26,36] Died 2/2009, Burrill Lakes, NSW, Australia.[26] Married William Henry Kevin MacDougall, 1958, NSW, Australia.[36] William born 19/5/1935,[36] died 5/2009.[26] Resided No.16, Lakewood Grove, Burrill Lakes, NSW, Australia.[26]

Children: (1)		Debra Lynne MacDougall, born 15/5/1962, NSW, Australia.[36] Married Rob Ireland.[26] Retired policeman.[26] Resided Cooranbong, NSW, Australia.[26]
(2)		Glenn Andrew MacDougall, born 14/3/1966, NSW, Australia.[36] Married Coral Andrews, 18/11/1989, NSW, NSW, Australia.[36] Coral born 29/8/1962.[36]

iii.

Alfred Richard Powell,[53] born 16/4/1914, Enmore, Sydney, NSW, Australia.[2,36,49,51,57] Died 8/1/1975, Luxford Road, Whalan, Sydney, NSW, Australia,[36] & buried 10/1/1975, Garden of Calvary, Pine Grove Memorial Park, Eastern Creek, NSW, Australia.[36] Cause of death was Chronic Obstructive Airways Disease.[36] Tobacco worker (WD & HO Wills), 1935, 1947.[49,51,57] Was a Mason, prior to becoming a catholic.[36] Saw service during WW2 where he served as a gunner, driver and cook with the 9th Division, 2nd/3rd Anti-Tank Regiment, the famous "Rats of Tobruk".[36,51]

Enlisted Australian Military Forces, 27/5/1940, Paddington, Sydney, NSW, Australia. No previous military service. Found to be medically fit & enlistment confirmed 28/5/1940, with rank of gunner. Service number NX24956. Description given as Roman Catholic, with dark hair, grey eyes & no distinctive marks. Transferred to 3rd anti-tank regiment 5/8/1940. Embarked from Sydney, 14/11/1940, arrived Haifa, Middle East, 18/12/1940. Evacuated to 1st Australian General Hospital from Gaza Ridge with otitis media, 30/12/1940. Rejoined unit 6/1/1941. Evacuated to 1st Australian General Hospital, conjuctivitis, from Gaza Ridge, 16/1/1941. Rejoined unit 24/4/1941. Evacuated to 15th Scottish General Hospital, 4/7/1941. Rejoined unit 8/7/1941. Returned to Australia 28/2/1943. Medical classisification assessed as B: Medically fit to carry out certain duties which require only restricted medical fitness, 19/7/1943. Mustered to 2/3 T.K. anti-tank Regiment, 21/7/1943. On 16/5/1944 found medically certified fit for restricted duties (feet). To Sydney on leave, 19/5/1944. Rejoined unit, 6/6/1944. Medically classified 'B2' (knee), 6/7/1944. Transfered to 32nd Australian Works Company, 9/8/1944. Charged with disobeying a lawful command & insubordinate language to a superior officer, 23/12/1944. Charged with drunkedness, 3/4/1944. Charged with drunkedness, disobeying a lawful command & insubordinate language to a superior officer, 6/4/1944. Evacuated to 116th Aust. General Hospital with left inguinal adenitis (infection of the lymph nodes in the groin, a common tropical disease), tinea pedis (athlete's foot), 15/5/1945. Demobilised 29/9/1945. Served a total of 1936 days, 935 days in Australia, 837 overseas. Upon discharge was 5' 7", brown hair, brown eyes & a tattoo on the right arm.[51]

Married Dorothy Mary Rose Sweetman,[53,57] 31/12/1935, St Aidan's Roman Catholic, Maroubra, Sydney, NSW, Australia.[22,36,49,57] Marriage by Rev. Arthur Hills.[49] Both single, Dorothy resided Maroubra, Sydney, at the time of the marriage.[49] Witnesses were Henry Wells & Edna Powell (Alfred's brother-in-law & sister).[49] Dorothy's parents gave consent for the marriage, in writing (Dorothy being under age at the time).[49] Dorothy, d/o William John Sweetman (tobacco worker) & Elizabeth Mary Kenna,[49] born 13/4/1916, Paddington, Sydney, NSW, Australia,[36,49,57] died 16/1/1991, Wahroongha, Sydney, NSW, Australia,[36] & buried 19/1/1991, Garden of Calvary, Pine Grove Memorial Park, Eastern Creek, NSW, Australia.[36] Resided 1935, Matraville, Sydney, NSW, Australia.[49] Resided 3/6/1940, No.65 Maroubra Bay Road, Maroubra, Sydney, NSW, Australia.[51] Resided 20/8/1940, No.693 Anzac Pde, Maroubra Junction, Sydney, NSW, Australia.[51] (Sister-in-law, Edna nee Powell, was at same address, same date.[215]) Resided 12/1/1941, No.220 Boyce Road, Maroubra, Sydney, NSW, Australia.[51] Resided 1945, Factory Road, Regentville, near Penrith, NSW, Australia.[51] Resided 1947, No.27 Ocean Street, Bondi, Sydney, NSW, Australia.[57] Resided 1950s, Penrith, NSW, Australia.[26] Resided Luxford Road, Whalan, Sydney, NSW, Australia.[36]

Children: (a)

Robert Powell, born 26/8/1939, Maroubra, Sydney, NSW, Australia.[36,57] Died 24/8/2012, Bundaberg Hospital, Bundaberg, Queensland, Australia.[36] Cause of death was lung cancer.[36] Married Vicki Yvonne Cooper, 22/6/1963, Marouba, NSW, Australia.[36,53] Vickie born 16/8/1945, Randwick, Sydney, NSW, Australia.[36] Divorced.[36] Married 2nd Susan Reynolds, 9/11/1991, Beecroft, Sydney, NSW, Australia.[36] Divorced.[36]

Children: (1)		David Bentley Powell, born 26/1/1964, Waverley, NSW, Australia.[36,54] Married Antonella Paulina Belmonte, 2/7/1988, Castle Hill, NSW, Australia.[36,54] Divorced.[36] Married 2nd Wendy McClung, 23/1/1997, Airlie Beach, Queensland, Australia.[36,54]
(2)		Gregory Robert Powell, born 29/1/1965, Waverley, NSW, Australia.[36] Married Maxine Passmore, 5/11/1995, Hawaii, USA.[36]
(3)		Tamara Yvette Powell, 28/1/1977, Blacktown, NSW, Australia.[36]

(b)

Beverley Rose Powell, born 18/1/1947, Royal Hospital for Women, Paddington, Sydney, NSW, Australia.[36,53,57] Cook-waitress, 1969.[53] Married Henry John Borey, 19/7/1969, St Patrick's (Roman Catholic), Parramatta, NSW, Australia.[36,53] Marriage performed by Francis Mervyn Williams, witnesses Robert Borey & Vicki Yvonne Powell (Bev's sister-in-law).[53] Both single.[53] At the time of the marriage Beverley resided No.19 Grantham Road, Plumpton, Sydney, NSW & Henry resided No.7 Macquarie Road, Auburn, Sydney, NSW.[53] Henry, s/o Henry Jochem Borey & Alma Strachan,[53] born 22/7/1938, Paddington, Sydney, NSW, Australia.[36,53] Henry was a builder's labourer, 1969.[53]

Children: (1)		Daniel John Borey, born 7/2/1973, Kingswood, NSW, Australia.[36] Married Patricia Anne Connolly, 13/4/2002, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia.[36]
(2)		Jason Robert Borey, born 13/2/1976, Kingswood, NSW, Australia.[36] Married Samantha Rae Eiser, 7/10/2006, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia.[36]

iv.

Edna Rose Powell,[53,212] born 20/11/1916, Stafford Street, Grey Ward, Adelaide, South Australia.[36,52,61,209] Informant was Margaret Powell (mother), registered 2/12/1916.[209] Died 25/4/1971, Mona Vale, NSW, Australia,[36] & buried Northern Suburbs Cemetery, Lane Cove, Sydney, NSW, Australia.[36] {However not listed in the Cemetery's online database} Furrier, prior to marriage.[36] Married Anthony Paul Stacey, 22/8/1938,[36] St George's, Soldier's Settlement, Matraville,[26] Sydney, Australia.[22] Anthony was born 14/3/1916,[26,36,212,215] Birmingham, England,[212,215] died 6/2/2015 (98yo) & cremated 16/2/2015, Northern Suburbs Crematorium, Sydney, NSW, Australia.[36] Barman, 1940.[215] Photographer, 1940s.[26] Employed by York Motors, Sydney, NSW, Australia.[26] Resided Matraville, Sydney, NSW, Australia.[26] Resided Elenora Heights, Sydney, NSW, Australia.[26]

Enlisted Australian Military Forces, 27/5/1940, Paddington, Sydney, NSW, Australia. No previous military service. Found to be medically fit & enlistment confirmed 28/5/1940, with rank of gunner.[215] Dark hair, blue eyes & no distinctive marks. Transferred to 3rd Anti-tank Regiment 5/8/1940. Embarked from Sydney 14/11/1940, arrived Haifa, Middle East, 18/12/1940. On 3/1/1941 was charged with disobeying a lawful command from his superiour officer. On 4/1/1941 was charged with disobeying routine orders. On 23/1/1941 was transferred to 71st Light Aid Detachment (LAD). {Between 4/1941-11/1941 the 71st LAD took part in the Siege of Tobruk} On 31/5/1941 was charged with offensive conduct. 8/5/1942 evacuated to 2/3 Australian Field Ambulance & on 13/5/1942 discharged & rejoined unit. On 18/11/1941 transferred to 3rd Anti-tank Regiment. On 25/4/1942 transferred to 1st Australian Ordinance Field Park. On 19/1/1943 embarked for Australia, arriving Sydney 28/2/1943. On 31/5/1943 transferred to 23/ Australian Casualty Clearing Station, 1st Military District (Queensland). Rejoined unit 1/6/1943. Transferred to 2/2 Australian General Hospital, 3/6/1943. On 6/5/1943 charged with disobeying a lawful command. Returned to unit 7/7/1943. On 17/1/1944 evacuated to 12th Australian Camp Hospital, 2nd Military District (NSW). Transferred to 14th Australian General Hospital 19/1/1944. Discharged to General Details Depot 21/2/1944. On 19/4/1944 was discharged, being deemed medically unfit for military service. Served a total of 1423 days, 415 days in Australia, 837 overseas. Upon discharge was 5' 10.75", brown hair, green eyes & no distinguishing features.[215]

Resided 27/5/1940, No.1002 Anzac Parade, Matraville, Sydney, NSW, Australia.[215] Resided 20/8/1940, No.693 Anzac Parade, Maroubra Junction, Sydney, NSW, Australia.[215] (Sister-in-law, Dorothy Powell, was at same address, same date.[215]) Resided 23/9/1941, No.3 Lone Pine Parade, Matraville, Sydney, NSW, Australia (Edna was living with her father whilst Anthony was overseas during WW2).[215] Resided 10/2/1942, No.111 Robey Street, Maroubra, Sydney, NSW, Australia.[215] Resided 19/4/1944, No.3 Lone Pine Parade, Matraville, Sydney, NSW, Australia.[215]

Children: (a)

Michael John Stacey, born 24/5/1950.[36] Adopted.[36]

(b)

Christopher Stacey, born 24/6/1951, NSW, Australia.[36] Married Karen Reiser, 20/5/1979, NSW, Australia.[36] Karen born 28/11/1956.[36]

Children: (1)		Nathan Paul Stacey, 11/3/1982, NSW, Australia.[36]
(2)		Luke Anthony Stacey, 26/2/1984, NSW, Australia.[36]
(3)		Jacob Christopher Stacey, 15/4/1987, NSW, Australia.[36]
(4)		Shanti Eloise Stacey, 11/9/1990, NSW, Australia.[36]

Eileen Eva May Powell, born 28/9/1918, Charles Street, Unley, Adelaide, South Australia.[61,209] Birth registered 4/10/1918, E. Jenkins, nurse, Palmeston Place, North Unley, was the registrar.[209] {Illegitimate, father not stated, d/o Margaret Rose Powell nee McDonald.[61,209] Family records do not mention Eileen but she did not die in infancy.[60] She was presumably fostered out and remained in South Australia when her mother returned to Sydney upon the returned of her husband from Europe at the end of WWI. No trace of a marriage in South Australia (or NSW) prior to 1937 (or 1959), although she would have only been 19yo by then}

vi.

Joyce Lillian Powell, born 5/9/1921, Matraville, Sydney, NSW, Australia.[26,36] Died 18/12/2014, Bateau Bay, NSW, Australia.[36] Tobacco worker, WD & HO Wills, Kensington, Sydney, prior to marriage.[36] Married Bruce Edward Walpole Way, 6/2/1943, St Jude's Anglican, Randwick, Sydney, NSW, Australia.[22,36] Bruce born 5/9/1918, Yarra Bay (now Phillip Bay), Sydney, NSW, Australia,[36,212] & died 7/10/1992, Sacred Heart Hospice, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, Australia.[36] Motor mechanic.[26] Enlisted Australian Military Forces, Army, Service Number N91970, seeing action in WWII.[212] Resided Kingsford, Sydney, NSW, Australia.[26] Resided No.3 Lone Pine Parade, Matraville, Sydney, NSW, Australia.[26] Resided No.9 Sharpe Street, Matraville, Sydney, NSW, Australia.[26]

Children: (a)

Trevor David Way, born 29/6/1944, "Sister Dreelan's Medical Clinic", Maroubra Road (now Heffron Road), Maroubra, Sydney, NSW, Australia.[26,36] Married Maureen Walker, 30/3/1968, NSW, Australia.[36] Maureen born 18/6/1947, Sydney, NSW, Australia.[36] Resided Bateau Bay, NSW, Australia.[26]

Children: (1)		Katherine Louise Way, born 30/4/1976.[36] Adopted.[36]
(2)		David Dennison Way, born 24/11/1976, NSW, Australia.[36]

vii.

Estelle "Essie" June Powell, born 13/5/1928, Lone Pine Parade, Matraville, Sydney, NSW, Australia.[26,36] Employed by Standard Telephones & Cables during WW2.[26] Meals on wheels, Sydney Town Hall & later Botany Council, 1967-present.[26] Married Harold Alfred Hughes, 4/6/1949,[36] St George's, Soldier's Settlement, Matraville,[26] Sydney, NSW, Australia.[22] Harold, s/o Phillip Henry & Lillian, born 26/10/1921, Rose Bay, Sydney, NSW, Australia,[26,212] and died 26/12/2000, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, Sydney, NSW, Australia.[26,36] Enlisted Australian Military Forces, Army, Service Number NX111309, seeing action in WWII.[212] Six years service, 1941-1946, 14th Infantry Batallion.[26] Saw action at Kakoda, New Guinea.[26] 3rd Packhorse, Rabaul, Bouganville, Borneo, Tarakan (injured & hospitalised), Morati (2 tours).[26] Discharged, 1946.[26] Fitter & turner, toolmaker.[26] Resided 1948-1951, No.3 Lone Pine Parade, Matraville, Sydney, NSW, Australia.[26] Resided 1951-c.1953, No.12. Flinders Street, Matraville, Sydney, NSW, Australia.[26] Resided No.46 Wilson Street, Banksmeadow, Sydney, NSW, Australia.[26]

Children: (a)

Sharyn Margaret Hughes, born 29/8/1951, King George V Hospital, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW, Australia.[26,36] Personal nurse, Lord Renelle, Wales, UK, c.1977-1978.[26] Anesthesist, Radcliffe College, Oxford University, c.1977-1978.[26] Registered nurse, midwife, paramedic.[26] Married Kenneth Bernard Oscar Petterson, 17/1/1987, Little Bay, Sydney, NSW, Australia.[36] Bernard, Charles & Elenore,[26] born 7/6/1953, Singapore.[36] Captain-pilot, Qantas.[26] Resided Burleigh Waters, Queensland, Australia.[26]

(b)

Alan David Hughes, born 31/8/1952, King George V Hospital, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW, Australia.[26,36] Truck driver.[26] Married June Frances White, 2/10/1986, NSW, Australia.[36] June, d/o Arthur & Sophie McWilliams,[26] born 11/6/1951, NSW, Australia.[26,36] Resided Prospect, Sydney, NSW, Australia.[26]

Children: (1)

Christopher Alan Hughes, born 20/2/1983, NSW, Australia.[36]

viii.

Ronald "Bill" William Henry Powell, born 16/3/1931, Matraville, Sydney, NSW, Australia.[36] Baker's assistant, 1940s.[26] Butcher's assistant, 1950s.[26] Labourer, Sydney County Council, 1950s-1996.[36] Married Patricia Florence Ross Robinson, 21/5/1960, All Saints Church of England, Parramatta, NSW, Australia.[36] Patricia, d/o Roy & Clara, born 23/3/1936, Parramatta, Sydney, NSW, Australia.[36] Resided 1940-c.1945, near Ulladulla, NSW, Australia.[26] Resided late 1940s with sister, Estelle Hughes.[26] Resided 1950s, Botany, Sydney, NSW, Australia.[26] Resided No.4 Elliott Street, Marayong, Sydney, NSW, Australia.[36]

Children: (a)

David William Powell, born 24/3/1964, Parramatta, Sydney, NSW, Australia.[36] Research Chemist, Laboratory Manager.[36] Married Cynthia Gail Moss (nee Nowland), 29/4/2006, St Jude's Anglican, Dural, NSW, Australia.[36] Resides Glenwood, Sydney, NSW, Australia.[36] No issue.

(b)

Paul Arthur Powell, born 25/3/1966, Blacktown District Hospital, Blacktown, Sydney, NSW, Australia.[36] Gardener.[36] Married Sharren Joan Jiggens (nee Riley), 21/5/1988, Christ Church Anglican, Blacktown, Sydney, NSW, Australia.[36] Resides Blacktown, Sydney, NSW, Australia.[36]

Children: (1)		Daniel Stephen Jiggens, born 24/11/1984.[36] Adopted.[36]
(2)		Sonya Patricia Powell, born 1989, Blacktown, Sydney, NSW, Australia.[36]
(3)		Nattalie Samantha Powell, born 1994, Blacktown, Sydney, NSW, Australia.[36]

749-751 Elizabeth St, Zetland, Sydney
Photograph - Google StreetView

Waterloo, Sydney, 1910
Photograph - National Archives Australia

11 Francis St, Enmore, Sydney
Photograph - Realestate.com

Lawson House, Zetland, was the private residence of Rev John Beckenham, formerly of the Beckenham Memorial Congregational Church, Mascot. In the 1910s Lawson House was located at No.189 Elizabeth Street. {In the late 1950s street numbering along Elizabeth Street was changed. No.189 was probably near the present day No.749 Elizabeth St, Zetland}.[SMH] Rev. John Beckenham died 1916.[22] Waterloo is an inner-city suburb of Sydney, NSW, Australia. Waterloo is located 4 kilometres south of the Sydney CBD. Waterloo took its name from the Battle of Waterloo in 1815. The name was in use as early as 1823. Waterloo has been a relatively poor area, until recent times. It is still dominated by public housing estates for those on low-incomes, which were built in the second half of the 20th century by Department of Housing. Today, despite some social problems in some parts of the suburb, Waterloo is undergoing gentrification. The Waterloo Urban Conservation Area is a residential area of predominantly 19th century terrace and cottage housing. New development and redevelopment in this area is encouraged to be sympathetic to the existing heritage style.[Wikipedia] Enmore is a suburb in the inner-west of Sydney, located 5 kilometres south-west of the Sydney CBD & part of the Marrickville Council. Enmore was named after Enmore House, built in 1835 by Captain Sylvester Browne, a master mariner with the British East India Company. Browne named his house after the West Indian estate of a business associate, which in turn took its name from the London suburb. Browne's son wrote several Australian classics, including Robbery Under Arms, under the name of Rolf Boldrewood. Enmore is primarily residential, although there is a commercial strip along Enmore Road, which turns off the more famous King Street, Newtown.[Wikipedia] 11 Francis St: "Sold for $560,000. Well proportioned and stylishly finished for casual living. In a peaceful community setting, this inviting attached cottage exudes period character and charm throughout. Positioned merely a matter of footsteps to the cafe culture of Enmore and Newtown's famous King Street. Well proportioned and stylishly finished for casual living. A quality offering to suit professionals and young families. Graced with light filled separate lounge and dining areas. DA plans for an ultra spacious and versatile second level. Generously sized double bedrooms, second boasts built-ins. High ceilings, period fireplaces, polished floors and bath. Intimate rear entertaining courtyard is bathed in sunshine. User friendly kitchen has electric appliances and skylight. A pleasantly short walk to schools, parks and transport"[RealEstate.com]

11 Stafford St, Adelaide, SA (arrow)
Photograph - Google Maps

33-35 Charles St, Unley, Adelaide, SA
Photograph - Google StreetView

Last Surviving Cottage, Matraville Soldiers' Settlement

Surviving Cottage, Matraville Soldiers' Settlement
Photograph - Wikipedia

No.32, Charles Street, Unley has been demolished for an electrical substation & the remaining even-numbered residences have also all been demolished, for new terrace-style apartments. Following the Great War some of the returning Australian soldiers were able to move to houses in a special "soldier settlement" at Matraville where the land was provided by the NSW Government. The houses were built with volunteer labour organised through the Voluntary Workers Association and with construction material provided by charities and business in appreciation of the soldier’s contributions during the Great War. The Matraville Soldiers’ Settlement is on the western side of Anzac Parade, named in honour of the soldiers of the Australian Imperial Force, who marched along the road from their barracks at Kensington racecourse to Sydney Harbour where they boarded transport ships to Egypt, Gallipoli and the Western Front. The Matraville Soldiers’ Settlement consisted of 93 homes for servicemen and the streets were given names after sites of significance to the “Diggers”, including Lone Pine from Gallipoli and Romani from Palestine, with the majority of streets related to the Western Front: Menin Road, Messines Place, Armentieres Way, Amiens Way, Somme Way, Pozieres Avenue, Flers Way, Bapaume Parade, Bullecourt Way, Beaumetz Way and Hamel Way.[1st AIF] Matraville is an older established area of the lower Eastern Suburbs of Sydney, approximately 9 kilometres by road south-east of the Sydney CBD. Matraville was originally reserved for the Church and Schools Corporation with income generated intended to support clergy and teachers. The school was established in 1904, thanks to the efforts of John Rowland Dacey, the state member for Botany, who had nearby suburb of Daceyville named after him. The school was originally known as Cross Roads but Dacey suggested that the name Matra would be more appropriate in honour of James Mario Matra who was a midshipman on the voyage by Captain James Cook to Botany Bay in 1770. Matra, An American, proposed to the British government that it establish a colony at Botany Bay in 1783, which he envisaged could be a place that American loyalists could also settle. The land at Matraville reverted to the crown in 1917 and 72.5 acres were allocated for a settlement for soldiers returning from World War I. This parcel became one of the first large residential developments in the area - between 1918 and 1925. The Voluntary Workers Association was formed to build homes for soldiers and their families at the intersection of Anzac Parade and Beauchamp Road. The first cottage at the settlement was completed in 1919 and the residential area became known as Matraville Soldiers Garden Village. A total of ninety-three cottages were built between 1918 and 1925. They were eventually taken over as State Government public housing. In 1977, all the cottages except one were demolished in spite of public protest; the one remaining cottage can still be seen in Somme Way. All that is left of the other cottages is a park with sections of sandstone walls and foundation stones laid by a number of people, including then Prime Minister William Morris Hughes. Matraville was one of the last bastions of traditional Chinese market gardens which is listed on the State Heritage Register. Until 1859 market gardens in the district were owned and tended by Europeans. After the main wave of gold rushes in the 1850s Chinese workers moved into the district. By the 1920s Chinese market gardens across NSW were being squeezed out by larger scale, more modern agriculture. The gardens at Matraville continued into the 1970s when leases were rescinded by the Crown. Despite opposition from Randwick Council and local residents the gardens were bulldozed to make way for housing development. Today Matraville is primarily a residential area. The area has predominately low-rise housing.[Wikipedia]

Concord Repatriation Hospital
Photograph - Tan YauHwang

Australian Trench, Fromelles
Photo - Charles Henry Lorking

Fromelles: After the battle
Photograph - Australian War Memorial

Battle of Fromelles: The Battle of Fromelles, occurred in France on July 19-20, 1916, during World War I. The action was intended partly as a diversion from the Battle of the Somme that was taking place about 80km to the south. The operation, carried out midway between the British-occupied village of Fleurbaix and that of Fromelles behind the German lines, sought to retake a salient just north of the latter, situated at about 16lm from the city of Lille. Fromelles was a combined operation between British troops and the Australian Imperial Force (AIF). It would be the first occasion that the AIF saw action on the Western Front.[Wikipedia] The British launched their largest offensive so far in the war on 1 July 1916, north of the River Somme. The slaughter that day set the tone for the rest of the campaign. The 1st, 2nd & 4th Australian Divisions were eventually involved, suffering 27,000 casualties at Pozieres and Mouquet Farm. British Commander General Douglas Haig was anxious that the other British armies, not involved in the Somme operations, should become active on their fronts to pin down German divisions and prevent them reinforcing their forces involved in the Somme battle. By 5 July he was so hopeful of a breakout on the Somme that he ordered his other armies, including General Herbert Plumer's Second Army, of which the II Anzac Corps was a part, to select an area to attempt to break the German lines. Plumer concluded that the best site for an attack was at the Sugarloaf Salient, near the village of Fromelles, where his army joined the First Army of General Charles Monro. The Fromelles battlefield was flat and damp, only 50 feet above sea level. Fromelles was the 54th Battalion's baptism of fire. men who had fought on Gallipoli from the Landing to the Evacuation, admitted freely that Fromelles was the severest test they had seen Nearly all the battalion's officers were dead or in hospital, and it had lost more than half of its men in one day.[216] After a night and a day of fighting, 1,500 British and 5,533 Australian soldiers were killed, wounded or taken prisoner. It was a decisive victory for Germany, and the Australian and British losses were sustained without the Allies gaining any ground. The attack completely failed as a diversion, when its limited nature became obvious to the German defenders. A communiqué released to the press by British GHQ was not favorably received by the Australians. It read: "Yesterday evening, south of Armentières, we carried out some important raids on a front of two miles in which Australian troops took part. About 140 German prisoners were captured." The battle was responsible for one of the greatest losses of Australian lives in one 24-hour period. The 5,533 casualties were equivalent to the combined total Australian losses in the Boer War, Korean War and Vietnam War. Two battalions were effectively destroyed in the battle and had to be rebuilt. The Australian losses and conduct of the high command also significantly damaged relations between the AIF and the British. It is believed that Adolf Hitler, then a 27-year-old corporal and a message runner, took part in the battle. Hitler served on the Aubers-Fromelles sector from March 1915 until September 1916.[Wikipedia] A parapet was used to provide cover for soldiers as they moved about and fought in their trenches. A parapet was simply a vertcial extension of the trench, typically made of sandbags or piled earth, placed on the lip of the trench facing the enemy. While the parapet, protected as it was by its layers of sandbags, was effectively immune to the effects of rifle fire, it afforded no real protection to artillery shell fire. The rear of the trench, conversely to the parapet, was called the parados.[Answers.com, 1st WW]

54th Battalion, Somme, 1916
Photograph - Aust. War Memorial

I Anzac Corps, Somme, Winter 1916/17
Painting - Frank Crozier

54th Battalion, Polygon Wood
Photograph - Aust. War Memorial

Somme Winter October 1916-February 1917: By the time the 54th battalion arrived on the Somme battlefield, the blood letting had been in progress for almost four months. Generals in 1916 had no real idea how to break through the enemy lines, except to pound their defences and communications to oblivion with huge and lengthy artillery bombardments. Infantry objectives were limited by the range of their artillery and lines of supply and communication The concentration of artillery required huge amounts of ammunition which needed to be transported forward, but all the roads and railways close to the front line had been destroyed by bombardments. Raids were almost non-existent within three miles of the front line, and those that did survive were under constant artillery fire. Most ammunition and supplies had to be man-handled to the trenches. Working parties of exhausted, cold and wet infantry toiled to supply the front line and repair the roads. In the front line the infantry were crowded into a line of roughly linked shell holes. Sufficient cover was never available due to the shortage of engineering materials and constant enemy bombardments. Even in the back areas most accommodation was destroyed and the infantry had to bivouac in the open. Autumn rains had turned the shell torn ground into fields of mud. The onset of winter brought more hardship. The terrain became a freezing sea of mud, lashed by driving rain and snow. For the infantryman weighed down by his heavy kit, just moving to and from the line left them completely exhausted. tours of the front line during the winter months were normally restricted to 48 hours, so horrific was the weather and terrain. The Somme battlefield was truly indescribable. One writer called it the 'most loathsome and appalling terrain in the world.' Illness cause by living in such a harsh environment soon became more debilitating than battle casualties. trench foot reached epidemic proportions. The morale and health of the AIF suffered severely. In the middle of October 1916 with winter not far away, Haig had decided to continue his Somme campaign and push forward, in two limited advances, to a line suitable for winter quarters. I Anzac Corps (of which the 5th Australian Division was now a part) was to be the central corps of the Fourth Army. It was hoped that the 5th Australian Division would arrive in time to take part in the first stage of the advance. It lost no time in taking up its new positions."[216] The Battle of the Somme was one of the largest battles of the First World War: by the time fighting had petered out more than 1.5 million casualties had been suffered by the forces involved, making it one of the bloodiest military operations ever recorded. On 24 February 1917, the German army made a strategic scorched earth withdrawal from the Somme battlefield to the prepared fortifications of the Hindenburg Line. The strategic effects of the Battle of the Somme cannot obscure the fact it was one of the costliest battles of the First World War. A German officer, Friedrich Steinbrecher, wrote: "Somme. The whole history of the world cannot contain a more ghastly word."[Wikipedia] Third Battle of Ypres - Battle of Polygon Wood: (September 1917) The cauldron that the 54th Battalion was soon to enter was the Third Battle of Ypres, sometimes called 'Passchendaele', after the town which was a final objective of this new British offensive in Belgian Flanders. General Haig's ultimate goal was to drive the Germans from the Belgian coast by taking the low ridge which lay east of the city of Ypres. Passchendaele lay on this ridge. The offensive really began with the taking of Messines in early June by a force which included the 3rd and 4th Australian Divisions. The first attack in the Ypres salient was launched on 31 July by three armies. Rain slowed operations down and General Plumer's Second Army eventually took over the vital central sector. Plumer favoured a 'step-by-step' drive to the ridge, a series of attacks with very limited objectives, governed by the range of British artillery. Once these objectives were reached and secured the artillery would be moved forward and the next attack launched. Fine weather was the key for the wide barrages that accompanied these attacks, and to allow the artillery to move their guns forward. The first of the step-by-step attacks was launched at Menin Road on 20 September and included the 1st & 2nd Australian Divisions. It was a considered success and advanced the I Anzac Corps line to about a mile east of Westhoek. The 4th and 5th Australian Divisions were brought up to take part in the next stage - Polygon Wood. The attack on Polygon Wood was planned for 26 September and to use seven divisions with the 54th Battalion being the brigade reserve & was to hold the old front line during the attack. In 8 days of fighting in the Polygon Wood battle, the 54th battalion lost 39 men and one officer killed in action. Three officers and 138 men were wounded. Five men later died of their wounds. Although the 54th had not been part of the attack at Polygon Wood the danger of holding the support positions is evident from the high casualties.[216] The Battle of Passchendaele was one of the major battles of the First World War. The British never managed to make a decisive breakthrough against well-entrenched German lines. Although inflicting irreplaceable casualties on the Germans, the Allies had captured a mere 8km of new territory at a cost of 140,000 combat deaths, a ratio of roughly 5cm gained per dead soldier. The Germans recaptured their lost ground, without resistance, 5 months later during the Battle of the Lys. Passchendaele has become synonymous with the misery of grinding attrition warfare fought in thick mud. Most of the battle took place on reclaimed marshland, swampy even without rain. The summer of 1917 was unusually cold and wet, and heavy artillery bombardment destroyed the surface of the land. Though there were dry periods, mud was nevertheless a constant feature of the landscape; newly-developed tanks bogged down in mud, and soldiers often drowned in it.[Wikipedia] Third Battle of Ypres-Westhoek Ridge: On 4 October (1917) the 1st and 2nd Australian Divisions accomplished a spectacular victory at Broodseinde Ridge - a sequel to Polygon Wood in the series of step-by-step battles. It was intended that the 4th and 5th Australian Divisions should continue the advance on the front that was now immediately north of Polygon Wood. Failure to advance towards Passchendaele on 9 and 12 October by the II Anzac Corps on the left ofg I Anzac was due to the rapidly deteoriating weather, and marked the last offensive action by Australian infantry during Third Ypres. The II Anzac Corps was replaced by the Canadians who were expected, despite the still worsening weather, to capture Passchendaele. I Anzac Corps was now given the role of protecting the right flank of the Canadians. Accordingly, when, on the night of the 9th-10th October, the 5th Division relieved the 1st Australian Division on the right Sector of the I Anzac Corps front, it was known that its activity would be defensive only. The 54th Battalion spent four days in support at Westhoek Ridge and four days in the front lines at Molenaarelsthoek losing 17 men killed, 54 wounded and 79 gassed. Eight men later died of their wounds and one from gas poisoning.[216]

Morning after battle, Ypres, 12/10/1917
Photograph - James Hurley

Dugout in the ruins of Wytschaete
Photograph - Aust. War Memorial

54th Battalion HQ, Messines, 11/1917
Photograph - Aust. War Memorial

Messines-Wyschaete: In early November (1917) the five Australian divisions were grouped together for the first time in the Australian Corps. The new corps was sent to the Messines-Wyschaete area initially to rest and prepare for more offensive action. But a change in policy early in December, when the imminent threat of a German spring offensive was realised, meant from then on it was to prepare the area for a defensive battle. The opportunity to recover and re-build after the heavy fighting and losses of 1917 was not missed. Lessons from the last winter were heeded and great attention was paid to the men's health and well-being. Front line garrisons were rotated regularly. Gum-boots and clean, dry socks and underwear were issued when required. The rationing arrangements were carefully planned and most front line units received at least one hot meal per day. patrolling was undertaken constantly and vigorously, while the quietness of the sector allowed fir the repair and improvements to the trenches, posts and pillboxes captured by the 3rd and 4th Australian Divisions earlier in June. These pillboxes and dugouts provided shelter against shells and the weather. The rear area infrastructure, so decisive in supplying the front line, was a great improvement on the previous winter on the Somme and, although still wet and cold, mud was nowhere near the problem it had been twelve months before. Away from the front, inter-company and battalion football games were organised, and picture cinemas, baths and canteens set up. A generous roster of leave, both local and UK, was introduced. These measures were so successful that the only real health problem over the winter months was cases of influenza. Foot problems, so prevalent the year before, were almost non-existent.[216] Trench fever takes its name from its first appearance in the trenches of the Western front of World War I. It was described in the medical literature for the first time in 1915. Trench fever is a moderately serious disease transmitted by body lice. It infected armies in Europe & the Middle East in World War I and the German army in Russia during World War II. From 1915 to 1918 between one-fifth and one-third of all British troops reported ill had trench fever while about one-fifth of ill German troops had the disease. The disease persists today. In the course of WWI it was to claim 800,000 victims, although with few fatalities. Neither side was prepared for the large scale trench warfare that the Western front devolved into and public health problems appeared almost immediately. The problems were less severe for the Germans who largely controlled the better-drained high ground (and drained their latrines towards the Allies) and who built more permanent and better designed fortifications. For the Allies the trenches were seen as a temporary solution and although built to support a reasonable tactical doctrine they were public health disasters. They were often in the valleys below the German positions and any rain drained into them reducing the bottoms to mud. Duck boarding meant to keep the feet dry was often missing, damaged or lost in the mud. Sleeping was often in crowded unventilated pits dug into the sides of the trenches. Toilet and washing facilities were minimal or absent (under the best conditions, soldiers had a bath every 10 days). Latrines were built behind the trenches but were not used when the trenches were under fire (which was often). Corpses littering the no-man's land or incorporated into trench walls added to the problem. Even though men were rotated out of the trenches on fairly regular schedules, lice proliferated. They spread rapidly because men were not allowed to build fires for heat and in cold weather they crowded together for heat. Although men deloused themselves, the measures did not sterilise the excreta bearing the pathogen. The disease is caused by the bacterium Bartonella quintana, found in the stomach walls of the body louse. Bartonella quintana is transmitted by contamination of a skin abrasion or louse-bite wound with the faeces of an infected body louse. There have also been reports of an infected louse bite passing on the infection. The disease is classically a five-day fever of the relapsing type, rarely with a continuous course instead. The incubation period is relatively long, at about two weeks. The onset of symptoms is usually sudden with high fever, severe headache, pain on moving the eyeballs, soreness of the muscles of the legs and back, and frequently hyperaesthesia of the shins. The initial fever is usually followed in a few days by a single, short rise but there may be many relapses between periods without fever. The most constant symptom is pain in the legs. Recovery takes a month or more. Lethal cases are rare, but in a few cases "the persistent fever might lead to heart failure". After effects may include neurasthenia, cardiac disturbances and myalgia. Treatment was only symptomatic.[Wikipedia, Chemical & Biological Weapons]

Iron Moulding at a foundry
Photograph - Tangled Trees

Garden Island Naval Base, 1929
Photograph - Sydney Mail Annual

Former Masonic Hall, Balmain
Photograph - Google StreetView

An iron moulder made moulds (or molds) from which iron castings were made. The moulder used a special wooden pattern or wax model to shape the mould. The model was then removed (or 'lost') leaving the shape required and creating the mould.[Tangled Trees] Garden Island is the site of Fleet Base East of the Royal Australian Navy. Garden Island is the principal east coast naval base of the RAN, and home port to many of the RAN's major ships. Garden Island is so-called because it was the colony's first food source when gardens were established on the island to feed the colony in 1788. Garden Island was originally a 4.6 hectare island in Sydney Harbour, but extension of the base and the construction of a dry dock in the channel between the island and the mainland have resulted in its connection to the mainland shore in the 1940s. The wharves of the naval base now stretch the length of the eastern side of Woolloomooloo Bay. There is a tunnel system under Garden Island that was once used by the navy. Within this tunnel system was a power station, offices and air raid shelters. This tunnel complex also had a command centre. Other tunnels also exist which headed further in towards Kings Cross. The tunnels were used to move guns from one side of the island to the other. There are also older tunnels that were used to transport ammunition. The tunnels are now used for electrical wiring and communications. Garden Island was also the site of the sinking of the accomodation ship Kuttabul in 1942 by Japanese midget submarine with the death of 21 Australian and British sailors. At this time, the site had been designated Australia's main naval port and ship repair site and the construction of the Captain Cook Graving Dock was underway.[Wikipedia, Garden Island] Chelmsford Hall, Montague Street, Balmain, was built and used as a Masonic Lodge by the Fraternal Order of Free and Accepted Masons. The lodges held their meetings in the upper hall, which is the bigger of the two internal spaces and the lower hall was used for dining. The Hall was built c.1912 in Federation Free Classical style in red brick and rendered elements. Two storied at front with hall behind. The upper level is has since been converted into two dwellings whilst the lower floor was used for retail & offices, however as of 2010 was unoccupied.[Heritage NSW, Leichhardt Council] The Balmain Masonic Lodge now meets at the Laurelbank Masonic Centre, Penshurst Street, Willoughby.[Freemasonry]

Eastern Suburbs Masonic Hall,
Kensington, Sydney
Photograph - Google StreetView

Arthur Robert
Powell, 1915
Photo - David Powell

Margaret Rose
McDonald, c.1900
Photo - David Powell

Arthur & Margaret
Powell, 1930s
Photo - David Powell

Arthur & Margaret
Powell, Grave
Photo - David Powell

There was a Masonic Hall on Cooper Street, Maroubra, as recently as 1937.[Trove] The original Hall no longer exists and the Maroubra lodge now meets at the Eastern Suburbs Masonic Centre, Anzac Parade, Kensington, Sydney.[Freemasonry] Freemasonry is a fraternal organisation that arose from obscure origins in the late 16th to early 17th century. The fraternity is organised into independent Grand Lodges or Orients, each of which governs its own jurisdiction, and which consist of constituent Lodges. Freemasonry uses the metaphors of operative stonemasons' tools and implements, against the allegorical backdrop of the building of King Solomon's Temple, to convey what has been described by both Masons and critics as "a system of morality veiled in allegory and illustrated by symbols." The origins and early development of Freemasonry are a matter of conjecture. A poem known as the "Regius Manuscript" has been dated to approximately 1390 and is the oldest known Masonic text & there is evidence to suggest that there were Masonic lodges in Scotland as early as the 16th century. The first Grand Lodge, the Grand Lodge of England, was founded in 1717, which rapidly expanded into a regulatory body, which most English Lodges joined. However, a few lodges resented some of the modernisations that GLE endorsed, such as the creation of the Third Degree, and formed a rival Grand Lodge which they called the "Antient Grand Lodge of England". The two eventually united in 1813. The Grand Lodge of Ireland and The Grand Lodge of Scotland were formed in 1725 and 1736 respectively. A Lodge is the basic organisational unit of Freemasonry. A man can only be initiated, or made a Mason, in a Lodge, of which he may often remain a subscribing member for life. A Master Mason can generally visit any Lodge meeting under any jurisdiction in amity with his own. Early Lodges often met in a tavern or any other convenient fixed place with a private room. Every Masonic Lodge elects certain officers to execute the necessary functions of the lodge's work. The Worshipful Master (essentially the lodge President) is always an elected officer. Most jurisdictions will also elect the Senior and Junior Wardens (Vice Presidents), the Secretary and the Treasurer. All lodges will have a Tyler, or Tiler, (who guards the door to the lodge room while the lodge is in session), sometimes elected and sometimes appointed by the Master. In addition to these elected officers, lodges will have various appointed officers – such as Deacons, Stewards, and a Chaplain (appointed to lead a non-denominational prayer at the convocation of meetings or activities – often, but not necessarily, a clergyman). The specific offices and their functions vary between jurisdictions. There is no degree in Freemasonry higher than that of Master Mason, the Third Degree. There are, however, a number of organisations that require being a Master Mason as a prerequisite for membership. These orders or degrees may be described as additional or appendant. The three degrees of Freemasonry are those of: Entered Apprentice, Fellow Craft & Master Mason (the "third degree").[Wikipedia]

Maureen & Hazel Wells
David Powell (1942)

George Wells & 'Bill' Powell, 1988
Photograph - Beverley Borey

117 Gale Road, Maroubra
Photograph - Realestate.com

Glenn & Coral MacDougall, 1989
Photograph - Beverley Borey

No.119 Gale Road, Maroubra, has been demolished. Maroubra is a beachside suburb in south-eastern Sydney, NSW, located 10 kilometres south-east of the Sydney CBD. Maroubra is part of the Eastern Suburbs region. Maroubra Junction is a locality in the centre of the suburb. Maroubra is a local Aboriginal word meaning place of thunder. In 1861, the first house was built in the area by Humphrey McKeon. A number of other settlers arrived on the land in the 1870s to work on the wool scouring works located at the northern end of the bay. The suburb first made headlines in 1898, when the Hereward, a fully-rigged iron ship weighing 1,513 tons, was caught by the gale force winds and shipwrecked at the northern end of Maroubra Beach while heading north toward Newcastle. The shipwreck remained on the beach for a number of years until a failed attempt to refloat it was made by building a coffer dam around the wreck. Hereward Street in Maroubra is named after the event. Major residential development only began in the 1910s after Herbert Dudley, a real estate developer, subdivided the land into residential blocks. Herbert Dudley also lobbied for the extension of the tramline to Maroubra Junction in 1912, where he had built Dudley's Emporium which has just recently been redeveloped. More crown land was released for residential use in the 1920s and the tram line was extended to Maroubra Beach in 1921. Between 1925 and 1934, the Olympia Motor Speedway was located in South Maroubra at the corner of Anzac Parade and Fitzgerald Avenue. However, due to the dangerous nature of the concrete track, a number of deaths occurred and it was closed after only nine years of operation. Coral Sea Park was created on the site in 1947, which was named after the 1942 battle of the Coral Sea. Surrounding streets were named after the allied warships that participated in that battle.[Wikipedia]

Alfred Richard Powell, 1940
Beverley Borey

Margaret, Alfred &
Arthur Powell, 1940
Beverley Borey (1940)

Alfred Powell, Middle East, 1940s
Photograph - Beverley Borey

Alfred & Rose Powell, 1935
Photo - Beverley Borey

The Rats of Tobruk was the name given to the soldiers of the garrison who held the Libyan port of Tobruk against the Afrika Corps, during the Siege of Tobruk in World War II. The siege started on 10 April 1941 and was finally relieved at the end of November. Australian troops of the Australian 9th Division and the 18th Brigade of the Australian 7th Division under Lieutenant General Leslie Morshead made up more than half of the Allied presence in Tobruk with a total strength of over 14,000 men. The rest of the garrison was made up of British and Indian troops. In what proved to be a propaganda mis-step, Lord Haw-Haw derisively referred to the Garrison as "poor desert rats of Tobruk" during radio broadcasts. This was probably due mostly to two factors, the Australians tended to counterattack to gather equipment as soon as the enemy was routed & they had dug extensive tunnel networks and shelters to supplement their trenches - and weren't afraid to use them when bombarded. The Australians gave themselves the nickname 'the Rats of Tobruk' after Radio Berlin described the Australians as 'caught like rats in a trap'. Throughout the conflict the Axis attackers had at least twice the manpower and had the advantage of strong air support while the Tobruk garrison had little air support because of the remoteness of friendly air bases. This made supply of the garrison, necessarily by sea, very difficult with ships having to arrive, unload and depart under the cover of darkness. At this time, Rommel's Afrika Korps had never been defeated. During the first phase of the offensive the Rats were mostly concerned with constructing and reinforcing their defenses and observing the enemy. After a few months defensive operations gave way to patrols. Apart from providing information on the enemy, sometimes these reconnaissance patrols entailed the capture and/or field interrogation of an enemy. Later, almost exclusively at night, a fighting patrol would act on viable targets found, operating under the simplest of guidelines: do as much damage as you can, without getting caught. Commonly an attack would involve crawling several miles, surrounding the enemy position, followed by a concerted rush with bayonets. In most cases the action was over in a minute or two, more often than not without a shot fired. Probably the most well-known single offensive action by the Rats was a fighting patrol led by Lieutenant William Horace Noyes, which stalked and destroyed three German light tanks, and killed or wounded the crews of 7 machine-gun and 11 anti-tank gun positions and their protective infantry. In addition, they damaged a German heavy tank, killed and wounded 130 in the process of taking a German garrison, most in the initial bayonet charge. No Rats were lost that night. During 9th Australian Division's stay in the besieged Tobruk some 3000 Australians had become casualties and 941 taken prisoner. The Australians were gradually withdrawn during the three moonless periods between August and October.[Wikipedia]

Dorothy Sweetman, 1930s
Photo - Beverley Borey

Holy Family (St Aiden's), Maroubra
Photo - Google StreetView

65 Maroubra Rd, Maroubra
Photograph - Google StreetView

693 Anzac Pde, Maroubra (L)
Photograph - Google StreetView

Dorothy, Bev & Alf Powell, 1969
Photo - Beverley Borey

Robert & Vicki Powell, 1963
Photograph - Beverley Borey

Beverley Powell, 1965
Photo - Beverley Borey

Beverly, Daniel & Jason Borey, 1982
Photo - Pat Powell

Edna Powell, 1930s
David Powell

Anthony Stacey, 1940
National Archives Aust.

Anthony Stacey, 2006
Photo - Pat Powell

York Motors City Sales Office, Sydney
Photograph - Hall & Co

St George, Matraville was a Church of England church located on the Matraville Soldiers' Settlement. The church was demolished with the rest of the settlement in 1977.[26]

St Jude, Randwick
Photo - Black Diamond Images

9 Sharp Street, Matraville
Photo - Realestate.com

Joyce & Bruce Way, 1985
Photo - Pat Powell

Joyce Way, 1980s
Photo - Pat Powell

Joyce & Bruce
Way, 1943
David Powell

Ronald & Essie Powell
David Powell, 1941

Essie & Harry Hughes, 1949
Photo - Beverley Borey

14th Infantry Battalion, Kokoda Trail
Photograph - Aust. War Memorial

12 Flinders St, Matraville
Photo - Google StreetView

The Kokoda Track campaign or Kokoda Trail campaign was part of the Pacific War of World War II. The campaign consisted of a series of battles fought from July to November 1942 between Japanese and Allied - primarily Australian - forces in what was then the Australian territory of Papua. The Kokoda Track itself is a single-file track starting just outside Port Moresby on the Coral Sea and runs 60–100km through the Owen Stanley Ranges to Kokoda and the coastal lowlands beyond by the Solomon Sea. The track crosses some of the most rugged and isolated terrain in the world, reaches 2,250 metres at Mount Bellamy, and combines hot humid days with intensely cold nights, torrential rainfall and endemic tropical diseases such as malaria. The track is passable only on foot; this had extreme repercussions for logistics, the size of forces and the type of warfare that could be conducted. While the Gallipoli Campaign of World War I was Australia's first military test as a new nation, the fighting during the Kokoda campaign represents the first time in the nation's history that its security was directly threatened. Although it has since become accepted that an invasion of Australia was not possible, or even planned by the Japanese, at the time there was a very real belief within Australia that this was possible and as such the Kokoda campaign has come to be viewed by some as the battle that "saved Australia". As a result, within the collective Australian psyche, the campaign and particularly the role of the 39th Battalion, has become a key part of modern notions of the Anzac legend, indeed, the Battle of Isurava has been described as "Australia's Thermopylae". In the end the strategy used against the Japanese in Papua - widely criticised at the time - led to an eventual, though costly, victory. Before World War II, paths in many remote areas of New Guinea were commonly referred to as tracks. However, the name Kokoda Trail conforms with U.S. English usage. Kokoda Trail is used in Australian Army battle honours. While both terms are in use, Kokoda Track "appears to be the more popular of the two". In 2008 the government of Papua New Guinea formally adopted the name 'Kokoda Trail'.[Wikipedia]

46 Wilson St, Botany
Photograph - Google StreetView

Sonya Powell, Essie Hughes, Joyce Way, 1994
Photograph - Pat Powell

Cynthia Powell & Essie Hughes
Photograph - David Powell

Botany is a suburb in south-eastern Sydney, in the state of NSW, 10km south of the Sydney CBD. Botany Bay is where Captain James Cook first landed on 29 April 1770, when navigating his way around Australia on his ship, the Endeavour. The ship's English botanist Joseph Banks and Swedish assistant botanist Daniel Solander, spent several days on shore collecting vast numbers of specimens, that were previously unknown. Cook's journals first referred to the bay as Sting Rays' Harbour, then later Botanist Bay and finally both these names were crossed out and replaced with Botany Bay. The suburb name comes from the bay it stands on. Botany was originally planned as an agricultural district, in the same way the surrounding suburbs were used for market gardens. However, it became an industrial area with fellmongers yards and slaughter works. In 1809, Mr E Redmond was one of the first to settle here and Simeon Lord was an important developer in the area who built a fulling mill in 1815. In 1823 he was granted 600 acres (2.4 km2) and more grants followed. Part of his estate was subdivided in 1859 to create the Booralee Township and the rest was subdivided in 1887. The Sydney Waterworks were established in Botany in 1858. The Sir Joseph Banks Hotel was a popular hotel on the shores of Botany Bay. By 1850, a private zoo had been established there and visitors could go horse riding, play cricket and football. International athletes challenged the locals in the Sir Joseph Banks Handicap on the racetrack. In 1988, the Sir Joseph Banks Pleasure Gardens were refurbished with local industry contributions. The racing track was restored and an annual event called the Botany Bay Gift attracted international athletes again. The hotel, which was built in stages from 1840. The other historic landmark in the area is St Matthew's Church of England, on the corner of Botany Road and Lord Street. It was built in 1862.. Port Botany is the site of Sydney's major port and as such, Botany is a suburb with extensive commercial development centred on shipping and freight. Botany also has a large chemical production facility. Botany features low density housing and increasingly medium density developments, particularly terraces and small apartment buildings. This increase in development in Botany has been as a result of increase urbanisation, with the redevelopment of industrial areas, allowing developers to take advantage of the proxmity to beaches and CBD.[Wikipedia]

Ronald Powell, 1956
Photo - David Powell

Ronald Powell, Oak Flats, 1957
Photograph - David Powell

Ronald Powell & Pat Robinson, 1957
Photograph - David Powell

Pat & Bill Powell &
Sharyn Hughes, 1960
Photo - David Powell

All Saints, Parramatta
Sydney Architecture

Pat & Bill Powell, 1960
Photo - David Powell

Alfred Powell, Harry Hughes, Bruce Way, Harry Wells, Bill Powell, Tony Stacey, 1960

Alfred Powell, Harry Hughes, Bruce Way, Harry Wells,
Bill Powell, Tony Stacey - Pat & Bill's wedding, 1960
Photo - David Powell

All Saints, Parramatta, was built in 1847 from sandstone and designed by architects James Houison & Nathaniel Payten in Victorian Academic Gothic style. It was built on land left in the will of the Reverend Samuel Marsden, who also bequeathed 200 pounds for the erection of the building. The church was consecrated by Bishop Broughton of Sydney on January 27th, 1848. It was enlarged in the 1862, and the steeple was added.[Sydney Architecture, All Saints]

Pat & Bill Powell, 1960
Photo - David Powell

Bill & David Powell, 1964
Photo - David Powell

No.4 Elliott Street, Marayong, 1960s
Photograph - David Powell

Paul, Pat, Bill & David Powell, 1966
Photograph - David Powell

Elliott Street was originally located in the eastern portion of Marayong which in the 1980s became a distinct suburb, Kings Park. Marayong is a suburb of Sydney, in the state of NSW, Australia, located 38km west of the Sydney CBD, in the local government area of the City of Blacktown and is part of the Greater Western Sydney region. Marayong is derived from an Aboriginal word 'Marriang' meaning emu or place of cranes. The name was first given by the New South Wales Railways to the railway station when it opened in October 1922. Around 1900-1905, large areas were subdivided and market gardens and poultry farms were established. The area was part of Quakers Hill but in 1926 the Marayong Progress Association applied to have Marayong made a suburb, in its own right. At the time Marayong was split into two by the Blacktown-Richmond rail line, which ran roughly north-south through the suburb. The area was mostly rural until the 1960s. In the 1960s the suburb was opened up with Housing Commission (public housing) estates west of the railway line. The eastern part of the suburb remained largly undeveloped until the 1980s, although there was some private housing and an industrial estate to the south-east.[Wikipedia] Kings Park is a suburb of Sydney, in the state of NSW, 40km west of the Sydney CBD and lies in the local government area of the City of Blacktown. The southern half of the suburb is industrial while the northern half is (mostly) newer residential homes. There are no schools or shopping centres within Kings Park with these facilities found in the neighbouring suburbs of Marayong, Blacktown and Kings Langley. Kings Park was originally part of Marayong, but with increased residential development, residents wanted a separate identity, and the developer’s estate name was adopted in 1987.[Wikipedia] Until the 1980s the area that is now Kings Park was largely undeveloped. About 1/3rd of the area (in the south) was an industrial estate. The rest was largely regrowth forest and derelict farmland. There were several blocks of residential development alongside the railway line, most dating to the 1960s. Since then the undeveloped area has been completely converted into residential & industrial developments, the later largely retail & warehousing, with some small-scale engineering industry. The suburb today is approximately 50% industrial & the remainder being residential & parkland.

Pat & Bill Powell, 1981
Photo - David Powell

Dr David Powell, 1990
Photo - Pat Powell

David & Cynthia Powell, 2006
Photograph - David Powell

Pat, Paul, Sharren & Bill Powell, 1988
Photograph - Pat Powell

Powell Family, Maroubra, 1968
Photograph - David Powell

Michael Stacey's wedding, 1981
Photograph - David Powell

Bill McDougall, Bruce Way, Bill Powell,
Allan Hughes, 1988
Photograph - Beverley Borey

Powell Family, Maroubra, 1968: Back (L-R) Christopher Stacey, Tony Stacey, Harry Hughes, unknown, Bill Powell, Michael Stacey (sailor), Harry Wells; front: Paul Powell,. Sharyn Hughes, Essie Hughes, unknown, Hazel Wells, Joyce Way, David Powell.
Michael Stacey's wedding, 1981: Karen Stacey, Alan Hughes, Chris Stacey, Harry Hughes, Sharren Hughes, Maureen Wells, Tony Stacey, Essie Hughes, Bill & Pat Powell, Bride, Michael Stacey, Bruce Wells, Dorothy Rose Powell, Joyce Way, John Borey & Beverly Borey.

Margaret Rose, Hazel, Essie, Edna & Joyce Powell 1949

Dorothy Rose, Hazel, Essie, Edna & Joyce Powell 1949

Photograph - David Powell

Edna, Joyce, Essie, Bill, Sharyn, Pat, Maureen, Hazel, Rose, 1960

Edna, Joyce, Essie, Bill, Sharyn Hughes, Pat,
Maureen MacDougall, Hazel, Rose, 1960
Photograph - David Powell

Sharyn Hughes, Joyce Way, Bill & David
Powell, Essie & Harry Hughes, 1964
Photograph - David Powell

Legal note: Geograph images are Copyright the respective authors and licensed for reuse under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.0 Generic Licence, <http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/>. Wikimedia & Wikipedia media is Copyright the respective authors and licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 license, <http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:CC-BY-SA>. These licenses allow the reproduction of the abovementioned material on third-party websites without specific author permission. Under United States copyright law any work published before 1/1/1923, anywhere in the world, is in the public domain. Works also published in 2003 or later by authors who died before 1937 are public domain. Under United Kingdom copyright law images are in the public domain 70 years from the death of the author or 70 years after it was created if the author is unknown. In Australia, copyright on published images created before 1/5/1969 expired 50 years after the creation, for images creater after this date, copyright expires 50 years after the first publication. Copyright on images created after 1/1/2005 is similar to that in the United States. Any images created before 1961 are thus in the public domain in Australia. Originality of expression is necessary for copyright protection, and a mere photograph or reproduction of an out-of-copyright two-dimensional work may not be protected under copyright law. I follow the practice of the Wikimedia Foundation, which considers reproductions of public domain works to also be in the public domain, regardless of their country of origin. Claims of copyright on such images is considered invalid & without legal basis. See, for example, <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Public_domain> and <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:PD-US>.